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Ethnopharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Carica papaya
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants for Human Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2023
Gurpreet Singh, Pooja Chawla, Abdul Faruk, Viney Chawla
The main constituent papain plays a vital role to improve the immune system.9 In traditional veterinary medicine, papaya seeds are used as de-wormers and is also used in tropical folk medicine. The fresh latex is used as a vermifuge.6 Papain is a proteolytic digestive enzyme that is used in several herbal formulations. Fresh juice of papaya prepared from peeled or unpeeled fruit is also sold as immunity booster drink because of its low cost, easy availability throughout the year and high nutritive value. In certain countries, the latex of the plant is used for tumors of uterus, psoriasis, and ringworm. The root infusion is used against syphilis.82 Through several scientific studies, the traditional, pharmacological, and biological effects of C. papaya have been validated.10,44,74,78
Potential Significance of Proteases
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Masood Sadiq Butt, Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants, 2019
Marwa Waheed, Muhammad Bilal Hussain, Sadia Hassan, Mohammad Ali Shariati, Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo
It has been demonstrated from previous research studies that papain is used to improve the stretchability and meltability of Nabulsi cheese, as well as gives fibrous structure in pastries, pizza, and kunafa.1 Even as a protein digesting enzyme, papain is used for fighting against digestive disorders, dyspepsia, and disturbance of the gastrointestinal tract.40 These enzymes represent anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties.26
Intestinal Absorption Of Macromolecules In The Adult *
Published in Károly Baintner, Intestinal Absorption of Macromolecules and Immune Transmission from Mother to Young, 2019
The receptor has been isolated with various methods from different species. (See References 102,277,688,753,754,898,900,901,1078,1280,1290,1291,and 1629.) It is a protein composed of alpha and beta polypeptide chains, also containing carbohydrate side chain(s).753 Papain treatment releases a fragment of the alpha chain in soluble and active form.751, 754 The hydrophobic beta chain spans the brush-border membrane and anchors the alpha chain to it.752 The alpha chain is of much lower molecular weight than the beta chain.753, 1290
Drugs repurposing for SARS-CoV-2: new insight of COVID-19 druggability
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Sujit Kumar Debnath, Monalisha Debnath, Rohit Srivastava, Abdelwahab Omri
The host cell proteases proteins (transmembrane protease serine 2-TMPRSS2, cathepsin L, furin, and calpain) help infuse the viral membrane. TMPRSS2 triggers the virus internalization by the cleavage of the viral hemagglutinin [16]. Hence, host cell protease inhibitors can be an alternative approach to restrict viral entry. Camostat mesylate is a TMPRSS2 inhibitor, primarily used to treat postoperative esophagitis and chronic pancreatitis. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind multicentric trial was conducted with camostat mesylate on 137 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 [39]. This drug successfully reduced the viral load by blocking the viral replication. Cathepsin L (CTSL) is another lysosomal cysteine protease hypothesized as the target to prevent viral fusion into the host cell membrane [40]. CTSL cleaves the S1 subunit spike glycoprotein of CoV. This cleavage helps CoV to invade human host cells. After endosomal membrane fusion, the viral RNAs are released for replication. Aloxistatin is a cysteine protease inhibitor for CTSL. This drug showed inhibitory activity in the mouse model infected with hepatitis virus by irreversibly binding with the active site of cysteine. This drug also reduced SARS-CoV-2 entry by 92.3% [16]. Structural elucidation suggested an interaction between the active site of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) with the permeable membrane resulting in developing nonstructural protein (NSP). This drug also binds with papain-like proteases with less specificity. This evidence suggested that aloxistatin is a more potent drug for COVID-19.
Epicutaneous challenge with protease allergen requires its protease activity to recall TH2 and TH17/TH22 responses in mice pre-sensitized via distant skin
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2021
Akira Ogasawara, Takuo Yuki, Toshiro Takai, Kyosuke Yokozeki, Asuka Katagiri, Yutaka Takahashi, Hiroo Yokozeki, David Basketter, Hitoshi Sakaguchi
Environmental allergen sources, such as house dust mites, insects, fungi, and pollen, contain proteases, and the proteolytic activity of such allergens is involved in the pathogenesis of allergy to them (Takai and Ikeda 2011; Cayrol et al. 2018; Serhan et al. 2019; Perner et al. 2020). Papain is a papaya fruit-derived occupational protease allergen used in the food industry and pharmaceuticals. Papain causes respiratory allergic reactions and, more rarely, allergic skin diseases such as protein contact dermatitis and contact urticaria (Milne and Brand 1975; Niinimaki et al. 1993, Quiñones et al. 1999; Basketter and Lahti 2011; Basketter et al. 2012; Barbaud 2020). Papain and the house dust mite major allergens Der f 1 and Der p 1 belong to the same family of cysteine proteases (Chua et al. 1988; Thomas 2015). With papain acting as a model protease allergen, recent studies conducted using murine models of airway inflammation (Kamijo et al. 2013; Hara et al. 2014; Halim et al. 2014; Nishioka et al. 2018; Maruyama et al. 2019; Kunimine et al. 2021) or sensitization via skin (Iida et al. 2014; Shimura et al. 2016; Ochi et al. 2017; Kamijo, Suzuki, Hara, et al. 2016; Kamijo et al. 2021; Yokozeki et al. 2021) have demonstrated that the protease activity of papain is essential to the induction of airway and skin inflammation and of serum IgE/IgG1 responses.
Papain exerts an anti-atherosclerosis effect with suppressed MPA-mediated foam cell formation by regulating the MAPK and PI3K/Akt-NF-κB pathways
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2023
Xianming Fei, Lianlian Pan, Wufen Yuan, Yan Zhao, Lei Jiang, Qinghua Huang, Yan Wu, Guoqing Ru
Protease preparations of various kinds have been utilized to treat conditions linked to thrombosis and platelet aggregation. In rats, arterial thrombosis and platelet adherence to endothelial cells are reduced after oral treatment of bromelain (a mercaptan protease) [13]. The extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling process and the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease are both correlated with cysteine protease cathepsin [14]. Papain is a cysteine protease isolated from papaya and is related to the development of AS [14,15]. Previous studies have little focused on the function of papain to AS in MAPs, but it may be relevant. It has been shown that cathepsin or other proteases can be expressed by inflammatory cells and activated vascular cells, such as monocytes and macrophages, to cause the breakdown of the ECM in the arterial wall and AS [16]. In our previous experiments, papain not only inhibited thrombin-induced platelet activation but also significantly inhibited MPA formation and CD11b expression in monocytes, suggesting that papain may be a dual inhibitor of MPA formation and monocyte activation [17]. In addition, our study showed that papain could inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by regulating the MAPK and PI3K/Akt-NF-κB pathways [17]. COX-2 is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and the MAPK, NF-κB, and PI3K/AKT pathways are the key signaling pathways in the development of AS, which play an important role in the inflammatory response and monocyte activation [18,19]. However, the effects of papain on MPA formation, monocyte activation, COX-2 expression, and the MAPK and PI3K/Akt-NF-κB pathways have not been verified in vivo. In addition, papain reduced macrophage infiltration and improved lipid accumulation and inflammation in the adipose tissue of mice fed a high-fat diet, suggesting that papain may play a role in preventing AS by interfering with the macrophage intake of lipids to form foam cells [20].