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Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Berberis aristata (Indian Barberry)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Swati T. Gurme, Devashree N. Patil, Suchita V. Jadhav, Mahendra L. Ahire, Pankaj S. Mundada
Neem has agricultural applications, such as a pesticide and treatment of livestock illnesses, making neem oil and its limonoids, like azadirachtin, nimbin, and salannin economically valuable (Brahmachari 2004). The effectiveness of azadirachtin was proven against many insect species and shows lower toxicity to mammals (Ley, 1994). Other benefits of neem-derived azadirachtin and limonoids are as anti-proliferative, cytotoxic, larvicidal, and anti-inflammatory agents (Schumacher et al., 2011; Harish et al., 2009; Akudugu et al., 2001; Okumu et al., 2007; Denardi et al., 2011; Thoh et al., 2010). The applicability of botanical products as pest control is a growing trend nowadays, as people are more aware of organic and sustainable farming. The azadirachtin of neem gives antifeedant and toxic effects on the larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd), S. gregaria, and Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas (milkweed bug) (Tembe-Fokunang et al., 2019). However, antifeedant activity is varied between species, insect order, and within orders. A. indica provides a sustainable and eco-friendly pesticide option for farmers by utilizing neem seed-derived azadirachtin. Another major economic benefit of neem is essential oils, synthesized by terpene synthase (Neeraja et al., 2012). Another potential benefit of neem and neem extracts is their herbicidal or allelopathic activity. Neem is considered a promising source for synthetic herbicidal production because of its low toxicity to mammals (Sindhu et al., 2005).
Essential Oils and Volatiles in Bryophytes
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Agnieszka Ludwiczuk, Yoshinori Asakawa
Bryophyte metabolites, especially terpenoids, are a kind of chemical weapon that is necessary for these small plants to survive in the environment since they lack mechanical protection like higher vascular plants. Bryophytes are colonial organisms that are usually grown in humid locations where they form mats and cushions over soil, rocks, or on the trunks and leaves of vascular plants. Many kinds of invertebrates inhabit such bryophyte colonies. Despite this, there is little evidence of feedant activity on the bryophytes. These small, ubiquitous plants are also not infected by either bacteria or fungi (Asakawa, 2008; Chen et al., 2018). Some examples of terpenoids with antifeedant activity are shown in Figure 21.14.
Organotin Insect Antifeed Ants: An Overview*
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, Tin as a Vital Nutrient:, 2019
In this article, attention is focused on a further specific property of the organotins: antifeeding effects in insects. Antifeedants are compounds which deter insects from feeding on treated plants, without killing them by intoxication or repelling them from the plant. The insects stay on the plant and, refusing to feed, die of starvation.
Mortality and physiological impacts of the tea saponin against Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Morteza Shahriari, Arash Zibaee, Seyyedeh Kimia Mirhaghparast, Sarah Aghaeepour Pour, Samar Ramzi, Hassan Hoda
Insect pests cause up to 30% loss in agriculture production nevertheless using control measures, although more than 90% loss may occur in case of severe infection (Singh and Kaur 2018). These losses are caused by different groups of insects through chewing, sap-sucking, and boring utilization of crops. In stored grains, intensive feeding and fecal remnants accelerate the decay process of the staples in addition to the direct losses (Matthews 1993). Generally, the most measures taken to protect the stored grains are the use of synthetic chemicals, although these pesticides have led to many concerns such as undesirable residues in stored products, environmental contamination, and resistance development (Rajendran and Sriranjini 2008). Botanical compounds are superior to common synthetic insecticides in terms of eco-toxicological indicators like low toxicity to non-target organisms, environmental pollution, rapid degradation, and multiple bioactivities to ensure efficient toxicity against the target insects (Senthil-Nathan 2013, Pavela 2018). Through deterring oviposition, antifeedants, regulating growth, metabolic disruptors, and being toxic to insects, botanicals display a suitable alternative to pest management (Isman 2006, Plata-Rueda et al. 2017, Martínez et al. 2018). These properties represent botanical pesticides as an appropriate choice for Integrated Pest Management in an economical and eco-friendly way.
Antinociceptive and anxiolytic-like effects of a neo-clerodane diterpene from Salvia semiatrata aerial parts
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Nancy Ortiz-Mendoza, Lizeth M. Zavala-Ocampo, Martha J. Martínez-Gordillo, María Eva González-Trujano, Francisco A. Basurto Peña, Iván J. Bazany-Rodríguez, José Alberto Rivera Chávez, Alejandro Dorazco-González, Eva Aguirre-Hernández
Salvia semiatrata Zucc. is a perennial shrub, 1–2 m tall, small leaves and purple inflorescences. This species is known in Santiago Huaclilla, Oaxaca, with the common name of ‘mirto morado’ (purple myrtle). It is distributed in the dry areas of the state of Oaxaca and is used by residents, as a healing, anti-inflammatory, for earache, stomach-ache and for nervous disorders (Nambo 2015). From the medium polar extract of the S. semiatrata aerial parts, two neo-clerodane diterpenoids have been isolated and characterized, one of them was semiatrin and the other was 7α-hydroxy-neo-clerodan-3,13-dien-18,19:15,16-diolide (Esquivel et al. 1986; Soriano-García et al. 1987). From the root extract, the diterpenoids tilifolidione, horminone and 20-norinuroyleanol were also identified (Esquivel et al. 2005). Regarding biological activities, antifeedant effects of tilifolidione and horminone have been reported (Simmonds et al. 1996), as well as cytotoxic for tilifolidione (Esquivel et al. 2005) and antifungal and antibacterial for horminone (Ulubelen et al. 2001; Bufalo et al. 2016).
Possible therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa and its thymoquinone on COVID-19
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Mohammad Reza Khazdair, Shoukouh Ghafari, Mahmood Sadeghi
It has been reported that about 64% of the world population use herbal remedies for the treatment of various disorders (Farnsworth 2008). Moreover, nearly 50% of synthetic drugs are derived from phytochemicals (Newman and Cragg 2012). Herbs synthesize chemicals as a part of their defence system to combat pathogens; and a considerable number of such compounds are effective anti-infective agents. For example, naturally occurring hydroxylated phenols and flavonoids are effective against infections (Dixon et al. 1983). Alkaloids, as the most common plant-based bioactive metabolites, as well as flavonoids have antifeedant and larvicidal effects (Levin and York 1978).