China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Global Regulation of Preservatives and Cosmetic Preservatives
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
The salts are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and ethanolamine. The anions are chlorides, bromides, sulfates, and acetates. The esters are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and phenyl.
The patient with acute cardiovascular problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Electrolytes (salts) are substances that, when in solution, conduct an electrical current. This is because when dissolved, they separate into ions. Ions carry an electrical charge that may be either positive (cations) or negative (anions). Plasma contains extracellular electrolytes, the levels of which are carefully balanced relative to the levels in intracellular fluids. If this balance is upset, it causes major disruption to virtually all body functions. The small electrical currents generated by ions are vital for muscle contraction and nerve function. For example, low levels of potassium can result in cardiac arrhythmias and ectopic beats as the myocardium becomes more irritable. Plasma is always electrically neutral, in other words, the number of positive charges exactly balances the number of negative ones. Table 6.2 shows the common cations and anions in the body.
Role of Transport in Chemically-Induced Nephrotoxicity *
Published in Robin S. Goldstein, Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
The physiological role of the organic anion and cation transporters has been debated for some time. For organic anions, it is thought that a physiological role exists, namely, for the movement of essential metabolites (e.g., succinate, α-ketoglutarate) into proximal tubular cells for support of energy metabolism. A suggested physiological role for the cation transporter is yet to be delineated.
Design and optimization of cranberry extract loaded bile salt augmented liposomes for targeting of MCP-1/STAT3/VEGF signaling pathway in DMN-intoxicated liver in rats
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Sara M. Soliman, Shaimaa Mosallam, Mohamed A. Mamdouh, Mohammed Abdalla Hussein, Shady M. Abd El-Halim
As demonstrated in (Table 3), the fabricated CBE loaded BSALs exhibited negative ZP values that ranged from −6.93 ± 0.67 to −32.43 ± 0.91 mV. The negative charge is probably imparted by the phospholipid (Subongkot et al., 2014) and the anionic nature of SGC (Mosallam et al., 2021b). ANOVA analysis revealed that all three independent variables (X1, X2, and X3) had a significant influence on ZP, (p < .0001 for X1 and X2 and P = 0.0028 for X3). Regarding phospholipid type (X1), BSALs prepared using Epikuron 100 manifested higher ZP values than those prepared using Epikuron 200. This might be explained by the larger VS obtained by Epikuron 200, which resulted in a reduction of the surface area carrying charge (El Kayal et al., 2020).
Multi-parametric groundwater quality and human health risk assessment vis-à-vis hydrogeochemical process in an Agri-intensive region of Indus basin, Punjab, India
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Vijay Jaswal, Ravishankar Kumar, Prafulla Kumar Sahoo, Sunil Mittal, Ajay Kumar, Sunil Kumar Sahoo, Yogalakshmi Kadapakkam Nandabalan
The physico-chemical characteristics such as pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and Dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured onsite using multi-parameter analyzer (PCS Testr 35), ORP tester (Oakton ORP Testr 10) and DO meter (Oakton DO 6+), respectively. The samples collected for major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) and U (U) analysis were acidified with HNO3 (pH <2) immediately after sample collection in the field. The un-acidified sub-samples were used for the analysis of major anions (F−, Cl−, NO3−, PO43−, SO42−) and other basic parameters such as hardness and alkalinity (Amiri et al.2016). The acidified and unacidified sub-samples were transported to the laboratory and stored in the refrigerator at 4 °C for further analysis. The method of determination of U and associated water quality parameter are summarized in Table 1 Based on the major ions, Ion Balance Error (IBE) of the dataset was checked, and the samples with IBE ± 5% was retained for further study (Matthess 1982).
Diethylene glycol produces nephrotoxic and neurotoxic effects in female rats
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Courtney N. Jamison, Robert D. Dayton, Brian Latimer, Mary P. McKinney, Hannah G. Mitchell, Kenneth E. McMartin
For blood, CSF and tissue collection, animals were anesthetized at 168 h, or sooner using criteria described above, using isoflurane induction, followed by sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, i.p.). Plasma from the collected blood was analyzed for concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, glucose, sodium [Na+], potassium [K+] and chloride [Cl-] by the Ochsner LSU Health – Shreveport Clinical Laboratory. Anion gap was calculated as [(Na+ + K+) – (Cl- + HCO3-)]. Statistically increased values of plasma BUN and creatinine over values in concurrently treated control rats and over historical ranges at the endpoint were used to substantiate that the animal had AKI. Such animals were categorized as the “kidney injury” group for data analysis. Other animals that were treated with DEG for 7 days, without evidence of kidney injury, were then categorized as the “no kidney injury” group.