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Polymers as Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
There are three different types of Polymer JR, JR 125, JR 400, and JR 30M, varying in molecular weight (32). The most commonly used product in conditioning shampoos, JR 125, has a number-average molecular weight of about 400,000 and about 1300 cationic sites (34). In the presence of an anionic surfactant, these cationic sites display coulombic attraction for the anionic head groups of the surfactant. At 1:1 charge neutralization of the cationic polymer, a hydrophobic complex precipitates from solution (20).
Glycerine in Bar Soaps
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
Examples of soap formulas that use glycerine to enhance transparency are given in Table 15.2 Example A is a triethanolamine-based formula that can be made by the semiboiled process. Its clarity is a result of the high levels of triethanolamine and glycerine. Example B contains an anionic surfactant in addition to soap, as well as glycerine and propylene glycol. Soaps C and D are typical of the transparent soaps made using an alcohol as solvent (about 25% of kettle charge) from which most of the alcohol is recovered in a condenser. The bars are aged, so very little alcohol remains in the final product. Example E is a semiboiled rosin and glycerine soap. The formula given in example F is also semiboiled, but has been spray dried, milled, plodded, and stamped in the manner described in a Lever patent which covers specified proportions of free fatty acid, polyhydric alcohols, salt, and water and certain drying and milling conditions [8]. Formulas A through E are typical because they are formed into bars by casting the molten soap into molds, frames, or slabs. Formula F instead of being cast, is dried and worked and extruded. Other patents exist for making transparent soap with conventional extruding equipment, but these processes are not widely used [9–11].
Microbial environment of the manufacturing plant
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2006
Richard Mulhall, Edward Schmidt, Daniel K. Brannan
Amphoteric (ampholytic) surfactants may be either anionic or cationic, depending on pH. They are useful because of their wide compatibility with builders, acids, and alkalis. The properties of an anionic surfactant depend in part on the negatively charged ion (anion) of the molecule. This property accounts for the anionic designation. The detergent industry uses a wide range of anionic surfactants that are highly sudsing. Excess foaming is undesirable for surface cleaning. It leaves a residue from excess foam. This residue produces a tacky surface that presents a likely resoiling problem.
Development of syringes and vials for delivery of biologics: current challenges and innovative solutions
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Saki Yoneda, Tetsuo Torisu, Susumu Uchiyama
Surfactants are the most widely used nonionic surfactant for pharmaceutical formulations, such as PS20, PS80, and poloxamer188 [71]. They adsorb on the air-liquid or solid–liquid interfaces competitively against the proteins and prevent the aggregation of proteins. PS20 and 80 are widely used excipients for biopharmaceuticals [71]. However, some points should be considered when using the surfactants. First, PS20 may induce silicone oil particle formation from vial surfaces under the combined stresses of dropping and shaking [34]. Second, PS20 and 80 can be degraded by auto-oxidation and hydrolysis [72,73]. Degraded polysorbates affect protein stability in the solution and cause visible particles [74]. Considering these concerns regarding the aforementioned excipients, it is necessary to research and develop the stabilization methods for formulations that do not use additives.
Sodium N-lauryl amino acids derived from silk protein can form catanionic aggregates with cytarabine as novel anti-tumor drug delivery systems
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Meng Zhang, Shu-Xiang Zhao, Biao Ding, Yu-Qing Zhang
Surfactants have been widely studied due to their excellent properties (Shiojiri et al., 1996; Shiloach & Blankschtein, 1998; Mehling et al., 2007; Ampatzidis et al., 2014). Many types of surfactants can be divided into anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, etc. The application of anionic surfactants in biochemistry and drug release has attracted attention because of the lower toxicity compared with other types of surfactants (Murguia et al., 2008; Chaudhari & Dugar, 2017). An N-lauryl amino acid surfactant is a typical anionic surfactant. It not only has the characteristics of low cytotoxicity of traditional surfactants but also has the advantages of easy availability from raw materials and easy degradation (Sanchez et al., 2007; Faustino et al., 2011; Tripathy et al., 2018). The role of amino acid surfactants in antibacterial and solubilization applications has been reported (Coronel-Leon et al., 2017; Hong et al., 2018).
Liquid laundry detergent capsules (PODS): a review of their composition and mechanisms of toxicity, and of the circumstances, routes, features, and management of exposure
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Rachael Day, Sally M. Bradberry, Simon H. L. Thomas, J. Allister Vale
Ophthalmic damage is due primarily to the concentration of surfactants in the capsule not the pH of the ingredients, which usually have a neutral pH. Less commonly, where the pH of the contents is as high as 9, alkalinity may be an additional factor in producing damage. Rabbit corneal epithelial cells were exposed in vitro to sodium dodecyl sulfate, an anionic surfactant, which resulted in elevation of intracellular calcium and intracellular acidification, dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, a decrease in the ATP/ADP ratio and cell injury [16]. Other similar in vitro studies using rabbit corneal epithelial cells have shown that cytotoxicity increases the higher the surfactant concentration [17]. In vivo tests have demonstrated that the application of surfactants (which included 3 anionic and 1 cationic surfactant) caused cell death [18,19].