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Chloramphenicol
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the amphenicol class with primarily bacteriostatic activity, that was first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venezuelae in 1947, but is now produced synthetically. It is effective against a wide variety of microorganisms, but due to serious adverse effects (e.g. damage to the bone marrow, including aplastic anemia) in humans, it is usually reserved for the treatment of serious and life-threatening infections. It is used for typhoid fever and for the treatment of cholera, as it destroys the vibrios and decreases the diarrhea. Chloramphenicol is mostly used in skin ointments, ear drops for the treatment of otitis externa and eye drops or ointment to treat bacterial conjunctivitis (1). Chloramphenicol was first reported as a contact sensitizer in 1951 (44).
Accident and Emergency
Published in Nagi Giumma Barakat, Get Through, 2006
This is one of the sexually transmitted diseases that is increasing among the adolescent age group and young mothers. It can be symptomatic in adolescence, but usually presents with discharges, orchitis or even pelvic inflammatory disease. It is usually accompanied by Chlamydia, and anyone having either of these should be counselled for HIV and syphilis testing. Treatment should be aggressive for neonates, with parenteral penicillin for 7 days and local chlor-amphenicol. In children under the age of 12 years (in which case it may be caused as a result of sexual abuse), ampicillin or penicillin should be given. In adolescents and children over 12 years, doxycyclin will cover both Chlamydia and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Mitochondrial Impairment in Antibiotic Induced Toxic Optic Neuropathies
Published in Current Eye Research, 2018
Jeffrey J. Yu, Daniel H. Lee, Shea P. Gallagher, M. Cristina Kenney, Chantal J. Boisvert
Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum amphenicol-class antibiotic. Since the 1980s, the high toxicity associated with chloramphenicol administration has limited its use in the clinical setting.32 However, increasing antibiotic resistance to alternative drugs has necessitated the use of older generation antibiotics in difficult-to-treat infections. Approximately 40 cases of chloramphenicol optic neuropathy (CON) were reported from 1950 to 1988, with only three cases since, likely reflecting the decreased use of the drug in favor of newer antibiotics.33–35