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Cationic Surfactants and Quaternary Derivatives for Hair and Skin Care
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Matthew F. Jurczyk, David T. Floyd, Burghard H. Grüning
The chemistry of quaternary ammonium salts and allied nitrogen derivatives encompasses a broad range of structural variations. This versatility enables chemists to "custom tailor" formulas by selecting specific ingredients according to their performance characteristics.
Patty
Published in Walter J. Hendelman, Peter Humphreys, Christopher R. Skinner, The Integrated Nervous System, 2017
Walter J. Hendelman, Peter Humphreys, Christopher R. Skinner
That elevated arterial ammonia levels contribute to the generation of hepatic encephalopathy is suggested by the fact that ammonia levels correlate directly with the depth of coma. In addition, administration of ammonium salts to experimental animals produces a reversible encephalopathy. Finally, ammonia-forming substances in the GI tract (e.g. blood from bleeding varices, as in our patient; a high protein meal) are well known to precipitate coma in patients with chronic liver disease.
Cosmetic Components Causing Contact Urticaria Syndrome: An Update
Published in Ana M. Giménez-Arnau, Howard I. Maibach, Contact Urticaria Syndrome, 2014
Persulfate salts are widely used in hair-bleaching formulas: they have a strong oxidizing action that accelerates the bleaching process and also makes the hair more receptive to the dyes, especially the light shades.[4] Nowadays, potassium persulfate is more frequently used than ammonium salt, because the latter has an unpleasant odor.[15] Ammonium persulfate is a low-molecular-weight chemical and is a known cause of urticaria, contact dermatitis, rhinitis, and asthma, the latter mainly by inhalation in an occupational context.[1] Asthmatics seem to be particularly susceptible to develop such reactions.[16] Some studies could demonstrate specific binding of IgE to persulfates by two methods, immunospot and radioallergosorbent test, hence the mechanism of immediate hypersensitivity to persulfates seems to be IgE-mediated at least in some patients.[4] Yawalker et al. provided evidence that T lymphocytes specific for low molecular compounds such as persulfates may be directly involved in mediating inflammatory processes in the airways, rather than only acting through induction of IgE synthesis in persulfate-triggered occupational asthma.[17]
Bioprospecting of aqueous phase from pyrolysis of plant waste residues to disrupt MRSA biofilms
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Srividhya Krishnan, Subramaniyasharma Sivaraman, Sowndarya Jothipandiyan, Ponnusami Venkatachalam, Saravanan Ramiah Shanmugam, Nithyanand Paramasivam
Moreover, S. aureus has acquired drug resistance against a wide class of antibiotics, and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are wide spread (Kouyos et al. 2013). Currently, vancomycin, telavancin, ceftaroline, daptomycin are some of the commonly prescribed classes of antibiotics used for the treatment of bacterial infections by binding to the penicillin binding protein sites (Verma et al. 2021). It was reported that almost 40% of the S. aureus isolates from hospital environments were recently identified as MRSA (Shiadeh et al. 2022). In the U.S., the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has estimated that close to 80,000 infections and 11,000 deaths are caused by MRSA every year (Grigg et al. 2018). More than 100,000 deaths were reported in 2019 due to MRSA infections (Shiadeh et al. 2022). Several possible mechanisms on the acquirement of antibiotic resistance by MRSA have been proposed in the literature. One such mechanism involves the modification in the penicillin binding protein sites (PBP2a) present in the cell membrane of the bacteria thereby preventing antibiotic binding (Yuan et al. 2011). There are several small molecule inhibitors that have been developed to treat the MRSA infection, among which, quaternary ammonium salts with oxadiazoles moiety were found to be effective against MRSA variants. Quaternary ammonium salts damage the membrane potential and affects the cytoplasmic components (Verma et al. 2021).
Aclidinium bromide and formoterol fumarate for the maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020
Ryan Haley, Nita Gupta, Sanjay Sethi
Aclidinium bromide is a white powder with the molecular formula C26H30BrNO4S2Br, a molecular weight of 564.6g/mol, and is slightly soluble in water and ethanol and sparingly soluble in methanol. It has a quaternary ammonium salt formulation which can be inhaled [10]. Formoterol fumarate is the fumarate salt form of formoterol and is a white to yellowish crystalline powder with the molecular formula C19H24N2O4. It has a molecular weight of 344.4 g/mol and is freely soluble in glacial acetic acid, sparingly soluble in ethanol and isopropanol, and slightly soluble in water [11,12].
The predictive power of saliva electrolytes exceeds that of saliva microbiomes in diagnosing early childhood caries
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2021
Ying Zhang, Shi Huang, Songbo Jia, Zheng Sun, Shanshan Li, Fan Li, Lijuan Zhang, Jie Lu, Kaixuan Tan, Fei Teng, Fang Yang
The stored saliva was thawed naturally. For each individual, 2 mL saliva samples were taken for biochemistry components analysis. Saliva was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 10 min and the clear supernatant was obtained for analysis. The pH values of saliva were measured by a digital pH meter. First, a pH 7.0 buffer was used to calibrate. Once the pH electrode was immersed in one saliva samples, the electrode should be infiltrated into distilled water prior to the next test. The infiltration part of the electrode was wiped off with filter paper and corrected with the buffer of pH 7.0. An automatic enzyme labeling instrument determined the concentrations of total protein in saliva. Absorbance was measured at 595 nm to evaluate the level of the total saliva protein. As for the determination of salivary ions, a chromatography unit was used to determine concentrations using specific columns. The chromatography unit was calibrated with the use of a standard eluent. Before analysis, all samples were filtered through 0.45 μM membrane filters to remove suspended particles. The treated samples were injected into the ion chromatography system. The anions we tested included sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), ammonium salt (NH4+), magnesium (Mg2+), and cations included chlorine (Cl−), phosphate (PO43-), nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), sulfate (SO42-), fluoride (F−) and bromine (Br−). Chromatographic data were acquired and processed by software (Peaknet 6.2) integrated in the ion chromatography system. Calibration and linearity checks were performed according to a previous protocol [38]. All of the above tests were performed in triplicate.