China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Novel and Traditional Club Substances’ Association to Psychopathological and Medical Sequelae
Published in Ornella Corazza, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, Handbook of Novel Psychoactive Substances, 2018
Giovanni Martinotti, Cristina Merino del Villar, Raffaele Giorgetti, Fabrizio Schifano, Massimo Di Giannantonio
The NPS we asked about were the following: synthetic cannabinoids (Spice drugs), synthetic cathinones (mephedrone, methylone, methylenedioxypyrovalerone [MDPV], alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone [α-PVP]), methamphetamine (ice-shaboo-crystal meth), ayahuasca, phenethylamines (Nbome-Fly-Solaris), Salvia divinorum, kratom, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), methoxetamine (Special M), and desomorphine (Krokodil).
Variation of drugs involved in acute drug toxicity presentations based on age and sex: an epidemiological approach based on European emergency departments
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Òscar Miró, William S. Waring, Paul I. Dargan, David M. Wood, Alison M. Dines, Christopher Yates, Isabelle Giraudon, Adrian Moughty, Niall O'Connor, Fridtjof Heyerdahl, Knut E. Hovda, Odd M. Vallersnes, Raido Paasma, Kristiina Pold, Gesche Jürgens, Bruno Megarbane, Jacek S. Anand, Evangelia Liakoni, Matthias Liechti, Florian Eyer, Sergej Zacharov, Blazena Caganova, Jeffrey Bonnici, Julia Radenkova-Saeva, Miguel Galicia
For the present study, we extracted data on all patients included in the Euro-DEN Plus registry from October 2013 to December 2016 (39 months). We grouped the drugs reported by the user or that were primarily identified by laboratory tests (and then confirmed to be of clinical relevance after medical report review) into nine main categories, following a previous classification used by our group in previous studies [13]: 1) opioids (including methadone and pharmaceutical medications containing opioids), 2) cocaine and crack cocaine; 3) cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids, 4) amphetamines (including amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and others), 5) gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), 6) hallucinogens (including LSD;) , 7) new psychoactive substances (NPS; this group did not include NPS included in other groups, like synthetic cannabinoids or amphetamine derivates, and it was mainly formed by alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone, mephedrone and other cathinones, piperidines and tryptamines), 8) benzodiazepines, and 9) ketamine. To be included in the final analysis, the patients had to have taken at least one drug classified in one of these nine drug categories and have data recorded on age and sex. When two or more drugs were identified in a single patient, either by self-reporting or by laboratory analysis, all drugs were taken into account in their respective groups, regardless of potential discrepancies. Age was managed as a continuous variable but also stratified for some analyses in age-bands of 5 or 10 years, depending on the particular analysis.
Synthetic cathinones: an evolving class of new psychoactive substances
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
João L. Gonçalves, Vera L. Alves, Joselin Aguiar, Helena M. Teixeira, José S. Câmara
At the same time, other SCat started appearing, first 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone (3,4-DMMC), and then pentedrone, and alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP; Valente et al. 2014). This last one became very popular in the USA and in Europe, between 2011 and 2015, marketed as “flakka” or “gravel” (Crespi 2016; Castellanos et al. 2018). During this period, dozens of deaths and thousands of hospital emergency cases were associated with the use of α-PVP and, in 2016, it was placed under international control (Schedule II of the 1971 Convention; Nóbrega and Dinis-Oliveira 2018).