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Botany of Withanolides containing Herbs
Published in Amritpal Singh Saroya, Contemporary Phytomedicines, 2017
Botany:P alkekengi is an herbaceous perennial plant growing to 40-60 cm tall, with spirally arranged leaves 6-12 cm long and 4-9 cm broad. The flowers are white, with a five-lobed corolla 10-15 mm across, with an inflated basal calyx which matures into the papery orange fruit covering, 4-5 cm long and broad.
Macrophage polarization: an effective approach to targeted therapy of inflammatory bowel disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2021
Yaoyao Du, Lan Rong, Yuanhua Cong, Lan Shen, Ning Zhang, Bing Wang
Physalinsare modified steroids isolated from Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae) [183]. Physalin D has a high content and is an active ingredient in physalins with minimal cytotoxicity. It exerts anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-tumor, and proapoptotic effects and has strong immunomodulatory function [184]. Ding et al. revealed for the first time that physalin D has the ability to regulate the polarization of macrophages [185]. The experimental results showed that physalin D treatment increased the expression of CD206, decreased the expression of iNOS in M1 macrophages, and prevented LPS/IFN-γ from repolarizing M2 phenotype toward M1 phenotype [185]. These results prove that physalin D can not only polarize M1 macrophages toward M2 macrophages but also protect M2 macrophages to maintain the M2 phenotype. From protein level analysis, physalin D upregulated the levels of Arg1 and IRF4 and down regulated the levels of iNOS and IRF5. This ability has also been verified in invivo experiments; at the molecular level, the polarization function can be attributed to physalin D inhibiting STAT1 activation and nuclear translocation associated with M1 polarization and promoting STAT6 activation and nuclear translocation associated with M2 polarization [185].
Two sulfonate metabolites of physalin A in rats
Published in Xenobiotica, 2018
Hongxia Liu, Kai Wang, Guiyang Xia, Kun Wang, Liwei Chai, Paul Owusu Donkor, Liqin Ding, Feng Qiu
Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii (Solanaceae), a traditional Chinese medicine (“Jindenglong” in Chinese), has been widely used in China for the treatment of sore throat, cough, eczema, hepatitis, urinary problems and tumors (Chinese Pharmacopoeia Committee, 2015). Physalins, classified as steroids with 13,14-seco-16,24-cycloergostane skeleton (Kawai et al., 1994; Taga et al., 1991), are the characteristic and active constituents of P. alkekengi var. franchetii (Yang et al., 2016; Shu et al., 2016). In particular, physalin A (Figure 1) is a major physalin constituent found in P. alkekengi var. franchetii. Physalin A has been reported to show multiple bioactivities, such as anti-tumor (Han et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2016) and anti-inflammatory (Ji et al., 2012) activities. Our early study demonstrated that physalin A induced both apoptosis and autophagy in A375-S2 human melanoma cells (He et al., 2013a, 2013b, 2014) and could be applied for the treatment of some cancers in the future.
Xenobiotic C-sulfonate derivatives; metabolites or metabonates?
Published in Xenobiotica, 2018
Physalin A is a naturally occurring steroid of the withanolide category that has been isolated from Physalis alkekengi (Chinese lantern, winter cherry), a perennial herbaceous plant of the nightshade (Solinaceae) family and native to southern Europe, south Asia and Japan (Dessaignes & Chautard, 1852; Matsuura et al., 1970). The steroid has been employed, together with other physalin derivatives, in traditional Chinese herbal medicines (franchet groundcherry fruit; jindenglong) and has found usage as an antimicrobial, antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory agent. It is presently being investigated as a potential anticancer agent (He et al., 2013a,b; Zhu et al., 2016).