China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Specialty Silicone Conditioning Agents
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Fatty quaternary compounds, discussed elsewhere in this book, are well-known conditioners. There can be several undesirable attributes of fatty cationic products which limit their usefulness in certain formulations. For example, fatty cationic surfactants are incompatible with anionic surfactants, forming insoluble complexes when the two types of materials are combined (12). Cationics are considered somewhat toxic when ingested and they are eye irritants, but they tend not to be topical irritants (13). Fatty alkylamidopropyl dimethylammonium compounds are commonly found in conditioning treatments for hair, but are difficult to formulate in clear shampoo systems (14). Many of these limiting attributes can be mitigated by making silicone analogs of fatty amidopropyl dimethylamine quaternary compounds. A series of alkylamido silicone quaternary compounds based on dimethicone copolyol chemistry has been developed. These materials are compatible with anionic systems, over a limited range of concentrations; provide outstanding wet comb properties, antistatic properties, and nongreasy softening properties to hair, fiber, and skin; and are not based on glycidyl epoxide or alkanolamine chemistries. Compounds can be prepared that have varying amounts of polyoxyalkyiene oxide in the polymer. The ability to regulate the type of alkylene oxide and the amount present in the silicone polymer results in a series of products ranging in water/oil solubility. Compounds of the comb type conform to the following structure:
Cleansing of Hair
Published in Dale H. Johnson, Hair and Hair Care, 2018
Fatty acid alkanolamides are nonionic surfactants, prepared by reacting a fatty acid or a fatty ester with a primary or secondary alkanolamine. The nature of the reaction products, however, depends on the ratio of the two reactants. One part of fatty acid to one part of alkanolamine would result in a yield of over 90% of the so-called superamide, which is a waxy, water-insoluble solid. However, when the ratio of amine to fatty acid is 2 to 1, the yield of amide is much lower, and this so-called low-active amide, as first described by Kritchevsky (180), is a liquid and is water-soluble. While this low-active amide is much easier to work with, it does have a high free-amine content, which is undesirable in product formulations because of the potential for N-nitrosamine formation, especially if the amine is in the form of diethanolamine. Both the superamide and the low-active amide are still being marketed, but the superamide is more widely used in shampoos.
Ion-pair compounds of diacerein for enhancing skin permeability in vitro: the compatibility–permeability relationship of counter ion and diacerein
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Yan Liang, Manzhen Duan, Wei Yi, Teng Zhang, Yonggang Wang, Zhiming Wu, Huaibo Tang
After the ion-pair compounds were formed by DCN and organic amines with different groups, the in vitro penetration experiments of DCN and these compounds were conducted. As shown in Table 3, the transdermal permeation rate of DCN ion-pair compounds was significantly higher than that of DCN, and the Q24h of DCN ion-pair compounds with alkanolamine was higher than those compounds with alkylamines. Among six DCN ion-pair compounds, DCN-Teta has the highest transdermal permeation rate. The different skin permeability of DCN ion-pair compounds with organic amines was perhaps caused by the hydrogen-bonding potential of the intercellular lipid and ion-pair compounds because of the counter ion with different types and numbers of organic amine (Cui et al., 2015).
Microbiota in a cooling-lubrication circuit and an option for controlling triethanolamine biodegradation
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Thomas Klammsteiner, Heribert Insam, Maraike Probst
Triethanolamine (TEA; C6H15NO3) is an alkanolamine that is frequently used as a main chemical working component in industrial manufacturing plants (Speranza et al. 2006). Its chemical properties makes it a popular cutting and metal working fluid as well as corrosion inhibitor (Weavers et al. 1997). Furthermore, it is used in industrial, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products as emulsifier and pH buffer (Sandin et al. 1990; Lessmann et al. 2009; Libralato et al. 2010). Alkanolamines are highly susceptible to biodegradation in various environments like soil and fresh water. Therefore, bacterial deterioration of TEA in water-soluble working fluids is a well-known problem (Prince et al. 1994; Eide-Haugmo et al. 2009). With concentrations around 1% (w v–1), TEA represents the major carbon and nitrogen source in many cooling liquid circuits (CLC) of various production sites, leading to selective enrichment and accumulation of TEA degrading bacteria. Although biodegradability can be seen as advantageous for the disposal after use (Buers et al. 1997), TEA degraders need to be identified and studied in more detail in order to control deterioration processes and bacterial colonization during its industrial application. In particular, bicine (C6H13NO4) is considered an undesired degradation product that may accelerate equipment corrosion.