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Therapeutic Efficacy of Black Pepper in Gastrointestinal Disorders
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants for Human Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2023
Fourteen compounds have been recognized in black pepper and six of them are hydrocarbons, five are esters and the other two together with piperine are enzymes. It is important to note that all the hydrocarbons described so far have been aliphatic and no aromatic hydrocarbons have yet been recognized from the chosen fractions mentioned here. These aliphatic hydrocarbons are composed of open chain, single-, bi-, and tri-cyclic compounds, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.59
The Application of Pharmacokinetic Models to Predict Target Dose
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Jerry N. Blancato, Kenneth B. Bishoff
Over the last 20 years there have been numerous reports of neuropathies induced by exposure to aliphatic hydrocarbons.5 Of particular interest to this study is the neuropathy induced by exposure to hexacarbons. Reviews by Spencer et al.6,7 provide an extensive overview of the investigations concerning the hexacarbons. Generally, it is accepted that the compound n-hexane can be the parent compound absorbed by the body. It is metabolized to methy-N-butyl ketone and then to 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD), a diketone. Most investigators believe that neurologic damage occurs at sites of 2,5-hexanedione presence.
Monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoke of charcoal grilled meat-restaurants in Amman, Jordan
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Sharif H. Arar, Sarya G. Ikbarieh, Mohammed H. Kailani, Mahmoud A. Alawi
Cooking fumes contain various hazardous compounds involve many heavy metals, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins, heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs), BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes), aliphatic hydrocarbons, carbonyl compounds like (aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids), and others (Schauer et al.1999, Lin et al. 2010). PAHs are one of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment. They are semi-volatile organic compounds, carcinogenic, and mutagenic pollutants. PAHs can be produced by many sources, natural and anthropogenic processes. These compounds are released into the environment during incomplete combustion and pyrolysis of organic materials (Nikolaou et al.1984, Beak et al.1991, Douben 2003). PAHs can be released into the environment during the incomplete combustion from both natural and man-made sources by different routes. Anthropogenic sources of PAHs include the incomplete combustion of organic material (coal, oil, fuels, and wood) in industrial processes, waste incineration, vehicles emissions, burning of wood in stoves (heating emissions), cigarette smoke, and from food processes (cooking) (Kordybach 1999, Ravindra et al.2008, Zhang and Tao 2009).
Polyethylene oxide and its controlled release properties in hydrophilic matrix tablets for oral administration
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Jigar D. Vanza, Rashmin B. Patel, Richa R. Dave, Mrunali R. Patel
PEO polymer is prepared in the presence of a metallic catalyst system by anionic heterogeneous catalytic polymerization of ethylene oxide (Moroni and Ghebre-Sellassie 1995; Crowley et al. 2002). In 1860, Laurenco first reported PEO by condensation of ethylene glycol and ethylene dibromide. PEO is a high MW (100 000–7 million Da) crystalline and thermoplastic polymer, structurally similar to low MW (< 100 000 Da) polyethylene glycol, with the same general formula: X−(O − CH2 − CH2)n−Y (Bieze et al. 1994; Herzberger et al. 2016). It is soluble in water in all proportions at room temperature and several organic solvents such as chloroform, ethylene dichloride, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, and anisol. It is insoluble in ethylene glycol, aliphatic hydrocarbon, and glycerine. It is readily soluble in toluene and benzene at elevated temperatures (Bailey 2012). The polymer has a monoclinic type of crystal structure (Tadokoro et al. 1964). The physicochemical properties of PEO polymer marketed as POLYOXTM are noted in the form of range in Table 1 (Yang et al. 1996).
Optimization of an integrated system for refinery wastewater treatment
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Ali Almasi, Leila Yavari, Mitra Mohammadi, Seyyed Alireza Mousavi
The oil industry is one of the industries that produce wastewater with high potential pollutants. The refinery wastewater due to high toxicity and resistance to biological degradation can cause serious damage to the ecosystem (Almasi et al. 2016). These wastewaters consist of high concentrations of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons that conventional biological treatment methods are unable to treat. Therefore, researchers have applied advanced oxidation process as promising methods for removing and increasing biodegradability of resistance wastewaters (Mosavi et al. 2016, Yu et al. 2017). Wastewater treatment of oil refineries have been carried out using various methods including physical operation (dissolved air flotation, adsorption, and membrane filtration), chemical (chemical oxidation, electrochemical, coagulation, electrocoagulation, and Fenton), and biological process. However, physical operation and chemical process are costly due to the high cost of chemicals and equipment and the need to remove excess sludge while, the biological processes are preferred for simplicity, affordability, and environmental compatibility. Biological processes are an economical option for conventional wastewater treatment. But these processes cannot always provide satisfactory results for industrial wastewater treatment alone. Therefore, it should be used in integration with physical or chemical processes. Nowadays, the combination of chemical and biological treatment processes is recommended as an economical method for treatment of wastewater containing resistant compounds (Guieysse and Norvill 2014).