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Tobramycin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Juan Gálvez-Acebal, Jesús Rodríguez-Baño
Among other Gram-negative bacteria, the Neisseria spp. (meningococci and gonococci), similar to gentamicin, are only moderately susceptible to tobramycin. The same also applies to Haemophilus influenzae (Moellering, 1983). Alcaligenes spp. are more commonly resistant (Uwaydah and Taqi-Eddin, 1976), and Flavobacterium spp. are always resistant to aminoglycosides including tobramycin (Drasar et al., 1976). Legionella pneumophila is susceptible to tobramycin in vitro (Thornsberry et al., 1978) but is not useful in vivo. Tobramycin, like gentamicin, is inactive against Bacteroides fragilis and most other anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria (Moellering, 1977; Ristuccia and Cunha, 1982) because the drug requires oxygen for optimal uptake into the bacterial cell for antimicrobial activity.
The Reactivity Of Copper Sites In The “Blue” Copper Proteins
Published in René Lontie, Copper Proteins and Copper Enzymes, 1984
Measurements of the temperature jump-induced chemical relaxation of the Alcaligenes Αz electron-transfer equilibrium with Pseudomonas Cyt c551have clearly shown that the slow Αz isomerization step is missing in this system.60 These findings may suggest that His-35 is no longer involved in the electron transfer. Still, the observed rates are only slightly attenuated in the Alcaligenes Az-Pseudomonas Cyt c55, reaction which then points towards a common mechanism. A Cr(II) affinity-labeling study of this system would be revealing in this respect. The very recent PMR study of Mitra and Bersohn62 monitored the differences in the pH dependence of the chemical shifts of imidazole protons in Alcaligenes Αz and found that His-35 does not undergo the slow protonation reaction in contrast to the behavior of that residue in Pseudomonas Αz. These findings further corroborate the early assignment of the slow step in the electron transfer of the latter protein to a conformational transition involving His-35 and its environment. Substitution of Pro-36 by threonine and Ser-34 by lysine in Alcaligenes Αz could indeed cause major conformational changes and hence functional differences in this region. This could be due to the charge difference or more interestingly to a eis-trans isomerization of the proline residue present in Pseudomonas Αz. However, Alcaligenes spp. which shares the Lys-34 of A. faecalis but still has Pro-36,44 also lacks the slow isomerization step41 which puts the main focus on differences in position-34.
Analysis of microbial communities of ocular prostheses and anophthalmic sockets using 16S rRNA gene sequencing
Published in Biofouling, 2023
L. R Makrakis, V. C Oliveira, E. S Santos, C Nascimento, E Watanabe, A. B Ribeiro, C. H Silva-Lovato
The sociodemographic characteristics of the patients included in this study align with the scientific literature, which points out that men are the most affected, with trauma being the most frequent etiology (Modugno et al. 2013). It is worth mentioning that patients included in this study used the same regular hygiene method to clean the ocular prostheses and the anophthalmic socket. This matter is important as cosmetics, soaps, hygiene products, and moisturizers are supposed to change the skin microbiota (Grice and Segre 2011). In addition, all prostheses were manufactured in acrylic resin, which indicates similar porosity, surface free energy, and hydrophobicity, important features for microorganism adhesion and biofilm formation (Zhou et al. 2016). Zhao et al. (2023) identified a different pattern of microbial colonization when analyzing prostheses manufactured from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and glass. The glass surface led to the increased colonization of opportunistic pathogens such as Alcaligenes, Dermabacter, and Spirochaetes.
Microbiology and clinical outcomes of puerperal sepsis: a prospective cohort study
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2018
Rumbidzai Majangara, Muchabayiwa Francis Gidiri, Zvavahera Mike Chirenje
Bacteria were isolated in 68.2% of endocervical swabs, a rate consistent with other studies in which laboratory-confirmed infection was reported for 63.8% of cases of severe maternal sepsis in a United Kingdom case control study (Acosta et al. 2014), and up to 80% of cases in other studies from resource limited settings (Gerstner et al. 1981; Cunningham et al. 2005; Ahmed et al. 2010; Bhanap and Sakhre 2013). Blood culture positive rate (2%) was lower than findings of a review by Williams and Pastorek, in which rate of bacteraemia was 5–20% in studies investigating postpartum endomyometritis (Williams and Pastorek 1995). This is attributed to collection of one aerobic bottle only and that specimen collection before antibiotic administration was achieved in a minority of women (15.2%). However, this demonstrates efficient implementation of the policy of early administration of antibiotics upon recognition of severe sepsis. Failure to identify a causative organism is expected. Alcaligenes sp and Moraxella sp were considered blood culture contaminants because they were isolated in women without risk factors such as immunosuppression and prolonged intravenous catheterisation.
Identification of Gut Bacteria such as Lactobacillus johnsonii that Disseminate to Systemic Tissues of Wild Type and MyD88–/– Mice
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Sreeram Udayan, Panagiota Stamou, Fiona Crispie, Ana Hickey, Alexandria N. Floyd, Chyi-Song Hsieh, Paul D. Cotter, Orla O’Sullivan, Silvia Melgar, Paul W. O’Toole, Rodney D. Newberry, Valerio Rossini, Ken Nally
Previously, meta-analysis of 16S rDNA metagenome sequencing datasets of murine fecal samples had identified Lactobacillus as one of most abundant species in the murine gut when compared to human gut.29 Specifically, L. johnsonii has been reported to inhabit the forestomach, ileum and cecum of mice.30 In our study, L. johnsonii was the most prominent bacteria recovered from both intestinal and systemic tissues of both WT and MyD88−/− mice. The recovery of L. johnsonii was substantially higher in MyD88−/− mice compared to WT mice and this appeared to be a direct reflection of their higher abundance in all intestinal tissues from MyD88−/− mice. L. johnsonii was recovered from different sorted cells from intestinal and systemic tissues of WT and MyD88−/− mice suggesting a broad cell tropism. L. johnsonii was able to persist for prolonged time periods within BMDCs, suggesting that DCs might be able to retain viable bacteria for longer time periods due to their reported lower phagolysosomal activity compared to macrophages.31 Indeed, Achromobacter spp., Alcaligenes spp., Bordetella spp. and Ochrobactrum spp can persist in DCs13 and E. cloacae, that can translocate from the gut to MLNs, can be recovered intracellularly from DCs even 60 h after bacterial administration to WT mice.5 These observations suggest that DCs might represent an alternative intracellular niche for gut associated bacteria and support the existence of possible molecular mechanisms underpinning the ability of L. johnsonii and other bacteria to persist and replicate in DCs.