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Efficacy, Quality, Safety and Toxicity of Herbal Medicine
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Pulok K. Mukherjee, Natural Medicines, 2019
Herbal medicine should have specific indications, for example Ma Huang, which is traditionally used to treat respiratory disorders in China, is marketed as a dietary supplement in the United States, intended to cause weight loss. The use of the herb in high doses has led to heart attacks, strokes and several cases of mortality (Lee 2000; Haller and Benowitz 2001). Herb–drug interactions arising from the use of herbal medicine and conventional drugs are a stark reality today even if few scientific investigations have been carried out to determine this (Ernst 2002). A retrospective study among patients suffering from psychosis revealed that up to 36.4% of patients employ herbs and conventional drugs concomitantly. This is associated to at least 60% of the cases of adverse events when quetiapine, olanzapine and clozapine are administered concomitantly with herbal products from any of the following plants: Akebia caulis, Fructus gardenia, Fructus schisandrae chinensis, Radix bupleuri, Radix rehmanniae and Semen plantaginis (Zhang 2011).
A review on the pharmacological properties, toxicological characteristics, pathogenic mechanism and analytical methods of aristolochic acids
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Miaomiao Zhang, Haiyan Liu, Yamei Han, Ligai Bai, Hongyuan Yan
As early as 1964, two cases of acute renal failure caused by Chinese traditional medicine Akebia stem were first reported by a Chinese doctor (Wu 1964). At that time, the mechanism and etiology of Akebia stem were still to be elucidated. In early 1992, two Belgian women who followed the same slimming program presented with extensive renal interstitial fibrosis of the kidney, which rapidly developed to terminal renal failure. Prompted by this observation, Vanherweghem et al. reported seven other similar cases and the possibility of kidney disease caused by Chinese plants (Vanherweghem et al. 1993). Although, AA was not detected by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in the capsule extracts and the precise causal factor could not be identified, they confirmed that this nephropathy was related to Chinese plants. Mengs et al. studied the toxicity of AA on the kidney by giving different doses to female Wistar rats. The result showed that AA could cause different renal damages according to dose (Mengs and Stotzem 1993). Thereafter, a large number of AA-induced nephrotoxicity have been reported. Some scholars have reviewed the nephrotoxicity caused by AA (Arlt et al. 2002, Poon et al. 2007, Debelle et al. 2008).
Mechanism of enhanced oral absorption of akebia saponin D by a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system loaded with phospholipid complex
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Yuhui Wang, Jinyang Shen, Xiaolin Yang, Ye Jin, Zhonglin Yang, Rufeng Wang, Fuming Zhang, Robert J. Linhardt
Akebia saponin D (ASD, 95.23% purity) was a pilot product prepared by our laboratory. The purity of ASD was calibrated based on a standard purchased from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, People’s Republic of China). Akebia saponin D phospholipid complex (A-PC, the content of ASD was 26.8%) and Akebia saponin D phospholipid complex loaded self-nanoemulsifying delivery system (APC-SNEDDS; composition: Peceol: Cremophor® EL: Transcutol HP: ASD: phospholipid; ratio: 10:45:45:51:12.3, w:w:w:w:w) were prepared and characterized according to our previous work [24]. In brief, oil and cosurfactant were selected according to their ability to dissolve A-PC, while surfactant was chosen based on its emulsification efficiency in SNEDDS. All the other chemicals were of either analytical or chromatography grade.