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Traditional Uses, Phytochemicals and Pharmacological Properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Dysphania ambrosioides) L. Mosyakin & Clemants
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Sabrina Baleixo da Silva, Jhonatas Rodrigues Barbosa, Luiza Helena da Silva Martins, Mahendra Rai, Alessandra Santos Lopes
Kumar et al. (2007) extracted essential oil from the leaves of C. ambrosioides and evaluated the potential for antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity. The results show that 100 μg/ml of essential oil inhibited the mycelial growth of various fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Macrophomina phaseolina, Cladosporium cladosporioides and helminth. In addition, the extract has antioxidant activity in models such as ABTS (2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)). The inhibition of aflatoxin B1 production by the aflatoxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus was also observed.
Dietary Habits and Susceptibility to Various Cancers
Published in Sheeba Varghese Gupta, Yashwant V. Pathak, Advances in Nutraceutical Applications in Cancer, 2019
Kimberly Padawer, Yashwant V. Pathak
Aflatoxins are fungus-derived toxins that are food contaminants. Aflatoxin B1 is the most carcinogenic to humans and can be found in food grains and is widespread in Sub-Saharan regions of Africa and Southeastern Asia. It is produced by Aspergillus species and can be found as a contamination of stored grain crops in warmer weather conditions. This is more likely to occur in low-income countries with poor sanitary and/or food handling practices.
Environmental and Exposure-Related Deaths
Published in John M. Wayne, Cynthia A. Schandl, S. Erin Presnell, Forensic Pathology Review, 2017
John M. Wayne, Cynthia A. Schandl, S. Erin Presnell
Answer A is incorrect. Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus species. These toxins are carcinogenic and generally associated with hepatocellular carcinoma upon chronic exposure (particularly with aflatoxin B1) and with hepatic necrosis with significant acute exposure.
Mycotoxins occurrence in milk and cereals in North African countries – a review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Khouloud Ben Hassouna, Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès, Kamel Chaieb, Samir Abbès
Aflatoxins (AFs) represent the major mycotoxin group, they are mostly produced by Aspergillus species in particular Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus both in tropical and sub-tropical countries because of favorable environmental conditions (Desjardins and Proctor 2007; Abrar et al. 2013). There are various types of aflatoxins such as B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, and M2, but B1 is the most frequent aflatoxin, found in food and agricultural products (Yin et al. 2008). In fact, aflatoxins can be found in a variety of food, such as cereals (wheat, barley, corn, etc.), figs, and nuts, peanuts, oilseeds, coffee beans and cottonseed in presence of hot and humid environment (Diella et al. 2018; Hathout, Abel-Fattah et al. 2020; Shar et al. 2020; Azam et al. 2021). Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 were detected mainly in products of plant origin like corn, wheat, spices, sorghum as natural contaminants. On the other hand, aflatoxin M1 was detected mostly in the milk and dairy products (Alshannaq and Yu 2017). After harvest, AFs contamination occurs in most cereal crops and their levels can quickly rise during storage and transportation due to poor management, such as high temperatures and relative humidity (>65%) (Ramírez-Camejoet al. 2012). North African populations consume a great amount of cereals and cereal products, spices, dried fruits and olives. Aflatoxigenic molds prefer to grow on these types of foodstuffs (Maggon et al. 1977).
In vitro strain specific reducing of aflatoxin B1 by probiotic bacteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Alireza Emadi, Majid Eslami, Bahman Yousefi, Anna Abdolshahi
Aflatoxins are the most distributed mycotoxins generated by toxigenic strains of Aspergillus such as A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius (Sadeghi et al.2019, Wacoo et al.2020). Approximately 18 different forms of aflatoxin and its metabolite derivatives have been recognized. Aflatoxins have an unfavorable influence on humans and animal’s health due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressive properties (Bbosa et al.2013). Aflatoxin B1 is the further most potent toxic that is categorized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cluster 1A (carcinogenic) mediator (Oatley et al.2000, Herceg et al.2013). This toxin has significantly impacted liver cells and might result in DNA damaging, mutation, abortion, and several toxic reactions (Bbosa et al.2013). The aflatoxin’s producer fungi are environmentally widespread and able to contaminate food, feeds, and crops. So the most probable health risk and possible side effects occur in the population via consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated food. Concerning aflatoxins’ toxicity effect on humans, food products’ contamination poses a severe challenge in food safety (Klich 2007, Bbosa et al.2013, Lili et al.2018, Wacoo et al.2020). The contamination of foods with aflatoxin B1 is one of the top ten hazards notified in annual reports from many countries by the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) (Pigłowski 2019).
The role of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the placenta: a growing research field
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020
Ricardo Blanco-Castañeda, Carlos Galaviz-Hernández, Paula C. S. Souto, Victor Vitorino Lima, Fernanda R. Giachini, Carlos Escudero, Alicia E Damiano, L. Jazel Barragán-Zúñiga, Gerardo Martínez-Aguilar, Martha Sosa-Macías
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a fungal toxin produced by Aspergillus species, is a common dietary contaminant usually found in low- and middle-income countries [209]. Several studies have reported AFB1 and aflatoxin-albumin adducts both in maternal and in cord serum [141,142,210–212]. However, the cord adduct levels were up to 10-fold lower than maternal levels, probably as a result of lower passage through placenta and/or lower efficiency of fetal metabolism [210]. Two studies have demonstrated the capacity of human placental tissue to activate AFB1. The first study reveals activation by CYP1A and CYP19 enzymes [213], while the second through epoxidation of AFB1 by a purified lipoxygenase from human term placenta and of intrauterine conceptual tissue at 8–10 weeks of gestation [143]. The best-known metabolites of AFB1 responsible for its carcinogenicity are AFB-8,9-epoxide and aflatoxicol (AFL). Nonetheless, AFL has been the only metabolite detected in both perfusion models and in vitro incubations with placental cytosolic fractions [144]. This last result is supported by Storvik et al., (2011) who reported the AFB1 biotransformation to AFL by JEG-3 cells and by recombinant CYP19A1 [70]. Exposure to AFB1 during pregnancy has been linked to poor child growth and development, particularly lower birth weight and smaller head circumference [209,212], as well as with reduced IgA levels [212].