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Herbal Drug Discovery Against Inflammation: From Traditional Wisdom to Modern Therapeutics
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Shalini Dixit, Karuna Shanker, Madhumita Srivastava, Priyanka Maurya, Nupur Srivastava, Jyotshna, Dnyaneshwar U. Bawankule
A number of triterpenes of oleanane, ursane, and euphane series have been isolated from the gum-resin of Boswellia serrata is used in Ayurveda for the treatment of osteoarthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The four major pentacyclic triterpenic acids, i.e., ß-boswellic acid, acetyl-ß-boswellic acid, 11-keto-ß-boswellic acid (most potent) and acetyl-11-keto-ß-boswellic acid are mainly responsible for the inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzymes (Siddiqui, 2011). Andrographolide, and neoandrographolide isolated from the methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata, inhibit LPS-stimulated NO production in a concentration-dependent manner (Batkhuu et al., 2002). The chloroform extract of the stem has also shown statistically significant anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced edema (Radhika et al., 2009). The seeds of Aesculus indica possess anti-inflammatory activity due to the presence of aescin, aesculuside A and B (triterpene glycoside) (Singh, Agrawal, and Thakur, 1987). The essential oils (EOs) of many species of the genus Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), Cordia verbenacea (Boraginaceae), Lippia sidoides leaves (Verbenaceae), Lippia gracilis Schauer leaves (Verbenaceae), and Zizyphus jujube seeds are well established for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Camphor an active constituent isolated from Matricaria parthenium (Compuestas) has pronounced anti-inflammatory activity in rat paw edema studies (Saxena et al., 1982; Chaturvedi et al., 1974; Pitre and Srivastava, 1987; Rudakov, 1976).
Aesculus indica: an updated review on its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological profile
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Neha Yadav, Aakash Partap Singh, Avtar Chand Rana, Sunil Kumar, Prabhjeet Kaur, Jitender Singh, Ashok Jangra, Dinesh Kumar
Traditional medicine is a broad term used to describe medicine from earth’s natural resources that includes Unani, Chinese, Ayurvedic and Siddha system of medicines [1]. More than 50% medications of clinical use in the world are based on natural products and their derivatives [2]. According to a survey of World Health Organization (WHO) in developing countries, 80% of population rely on medicines derived from plants [3]. It has been reported that 21,000 plants possess medicinal properties, out of which 3,000 species are found in India [4]. In India, Eastern Himalayan region is the richest one on the earth for valuable medicinal plants. As compared to synthetic drugs, plant-based compounds are less toxic and more effective. However, solubility and bioavailability are one of the major problems in the drug development process of phytochemicals. These problems can be overcome by using novel formulation technologies that can facilitate potential health benefits of bioactive compounds of plants. In recent years, awareness about the benefits of medicinal plants and their by-products in health and diseases has been continuously increasing [5. Natural products have a major contribution to the advancement of modern medicine. The market pharmaceutical agents such as antibiotics, anticancer agents, anti-inflammatory compounds and analgesics have been discovered as a result of the quest for new therapeutics leads from natural resources, which has lasted for centuries (6]. Medicinal plant derivatives are in high demand around the world as a first-line treatment for human health. India has been named as the ‘Medicinal Garden of the World’ due to the presence of high diversity in medicinal plants [7]. Huge breakthroughs in therapy were achieved from the development of some highly potent drugs during this period, which includes tiotropium and ipratropium for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Atropa belladonna; Solanaceae), morphine-6-glucuronide, potent analgesia (Papaver somniferum L.; Paparveraceae), exatecan for cancer (Camptotheca acuminate; Nyssaceae), vinflunine and modified vinblastine, for cancer (Catharanthus roseus; Apocynaceae) [8] There are numerous compounds of therapeutic importance that have been once obtained from plant sources but now are being produced commercially. They include caffeine, theophylline, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, emetine, papaverine, L-dopa, salicylic acid and tetrahydrocannabinol [9]. Aesculus indica (A. Indica) consists of 20 species, which is spread mainly in the colder region all over the world and belongs to the Hippocastanacea family. It is widely used in folk medicines due to its medicinal properties. Seeds, bark and roots are used for rheumatism; fruits are used as anti-diabetic and in colic disorder; leaves possess anti-cancer properties [10]. It is highly useful in hemorrhoids, varicose veins and ulcers to prevent thrombosis. It often aids in the treatment of migraine, blood effusions and frost bite [11]. The present review highlights the geographical, historical, botanical and pharmacological perspectives of Aesculus indica.