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Choerospondias axillaris (Hog plum)
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
Lapsi fruit is commonly used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in Vietnam, Mongolia, and China. The maintenance of balanced ion channels in cardiac myocytes is essential for normal cardiac functions. If the balance among ion channels is disturbed under pathological conditions, consequently induced arrhythmia develops. Drugs that acted to restore normal balance in ion channels produced an effective antiarrhythmic effect. The arrhythmogenic effects of aconitine include various ventricular rhythm disorders. Total flavones derived from C. axillaris folium produced antiarrhythmic effects using a rat model of aconitine-induced arrhythmia. With respect to hemodynamics, high-dose TFC were effective in reducing heart rate (HR) without associated changes in blood pressure (BP) in all groups. TFC decreased left ventricular systolic pressure and maximal velocity rate of ventricular pressure with no marked effect on left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. It is worth noting that TFC produced actions equivalent to those of verapamil, a standard therapeutic drug used currently (Qiu et al. 2016). The alcoholic extract has inhibitive effects in arrhythmia induced by aconitine, ouabain, and myocardial ischemia (Zhang et al. 2013).
Aconite: Ethnopharmacological Benefits and Toxicity
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Assessment of Medicinal Plants for Human Health, 2020
Yogini S. Jaiswal, Leonard L. Williams
The word “Aconite” is coined from the Greek word “Akoniton,” which was used by the Theophrastus to describe a poisonous plant called “hemlock.” Aconite has been historically mentioned in TSMs of various countries and it gained its importance for the diterpene alkaloidal content and numerous species within its genus that range from being nonpoisonous to deadly poisonous.68
Brief History and Use of Chemical Warfare Agents in Warfare and Terrorism
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Harry Salem, Andrew L. Ternay Jr., Jeffery K. Smart
Around 50 CE, Nero eliminated his enemies with cherry laurel water that contained hydrocyanic acid (Hickman, 1999). Plutarch described irritating smokes in some of his writings around 46–120 CE. In 1000, the Mongols used gas bombs made of sulfur, niter, oil, aconite, powdered charcoal, wax, and resin. These bombs weighed about 5 pounds each. Aconite was a favorite poison, which is derived from the perennial herb of the genus Aconitum. It is in the buttercup family and is also known as monkshood and wolfsbane. Aconite (Aconitum napellus) is an alkaloid acting on the central nervous system, heart, and skin. It first stimulated and then paralyzed the nerves and heart. The effects began with a tingling of the mouth, fingers, and toes and then spread over the entire body surface. Body temperature dropped quickly and was followed by nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Fatal doses were marked by intense pain, irregular breathing, and a slowed and irregular heartbeat. Death resulted from heart failure or asphyxiation. Aconite was used as a poison on arrowheads and to taint enemy water supplies and as a poison by Indian courtesans when they applied it as a lipstick as the “Kiss of Death” (PDR Health, 2006).
Emerging trends in microneedle-based drug delivery strategies for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Srividya Gorantla, Unnati Batra, Samshritha RN , Eswara Rao Puppala, Tejashree Waghule, V. G. M. Naidu, Gautam Singhvi
Guo et al. studied the delivery of aconitine by formulating as nanostructured lipid carrier embedded in dissolving microneedle for its effective delivery and studied in adjuvant-induced arthritis rat model for inhibiting the inflammation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes [15,47]. In one study, the aconitine-nanostructured lipid carrier (ACO-NLCs) was prepared using the evaporation method/low energy emulsification method, and microneedles were fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molds. The MNs obtained were of 350 μm height and 300 μm base diameter. The in vivo microdialysis depicting time–concentration profile where the AUC0-α (ng/mL × h) was compared with the formulation applied on compromised skin and intact skin showed 1.18- and 1.95-folds higher in ACO-NLCs-MNs [15]. The in vivo microdialysis revealed that the NLCs-MNs improved ACO transdermal distribution, releasing the medication continuously. Based on these studies, they concluded that the prepared MN array showed increased physical stability of the nanocarriers with improved anti-inflammatory activity. Further, cardiovascular toxicity of aconitine was also found to be reduced.
The metabolic effect of gut microbiota on drugs
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2020
Yuan Xie, Fangdi Hu, Dawei Xiang, Hui Lu, Wenbin Li, Anpeng Zhao, Longji Huang, Rong Wang
Aconitine, the main toxic component in medicinal plants such as Radix Aconiti, Radix aconiti agrestis, and radix aconiti carmichaeli, has pharmacological effects of anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-tumor. However, it also has obvious toxic side effects on central nervous system and cardiovascular system. Aconitine is a kind of Diester diterpenoid alkaloids (DDAs), which is mainly metabolized by ester hydrolysis driven by carboxylesterases based on its chemical structure (Satoh and Hosokawa 1998). The intestinal bacteria-derived DDA metabolism includes hydroxylation, deoxylation, demethylation, demethylation with deoxylation, and ester hydrolysis, and DDA toxicity is reduced by ester exchange (Zhang et al. 2015).
Pharmacokinetic interaction of aconitine, liquiritin and 6-gingerol in a traditional Chinese herbal formula, Sini Decoction
Published in Xenobiotica, 2018
Sen Sun, Qingshan Chen, Jiyun Ge, Xiang Liu, Xinxia Wang, Qi Zhan, Hai Zhang, Guoqing Zhang
Aconitine is a diester diterpenoid alkaloid, and it is the main pharmacological and toxic component in Aconitum; both liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid are pharmacological components with high content in liquorice. However, glycyrrhizic acid is a triterpene component, which is usually used in the form of injection in clinic. While liquiritin is a flavonoid component, whose absorption is better than glycyrrhizic acid, and therefore, liquiritin is used in this study; 6-gingerol is the main active component isolated from the Rhizome Zingiberis with high content. Therefore, aconitine, liquiritin and 6-gingerol were selected as the representative components to investigate its pharmacokinetic interaction.