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The Need for Clinical Guidelines on NPS
Published in Ornella Corazza, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, Handbook of Novel Psychoactive Substances, 2018
Owen Bowden-Jones, Dima Abdulrahim
Cocaine**, cocaine derivatives and piperazine, methamphetamine, mephedrone, methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), butylone, ethcathinone, ethylone, 3- and 4-fluoromethcathinone, methedrone, methylone, pyrovalerone, 3-MeOMC, 3-MMC, 4-BMC, 4-MEC, 4-MeO-a-PVP, 4-MeO-PBP, 4-MeO-PV9, 4-MPD, 4F-PV8, 4FPV9, 4F-PVP, a-PBT, a-PHP, a-PVT, dibutylone, DL-4662, ethylone, MDPPP, MOPPP, NEB, pentedrone, MDMA, MDEA, methylone (bk-MDM), bk-MBDB (beta-ketone-MBDB), Butylone PMA, PMMA, 5-APB, 6-APB, 5-APDB, 6-APDB, 5-MAPB, 6-MAPB, 5-EAPB, 5-APD.
Underreporting of drug use among electronic dance music party attendees
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Joseph J. Palamar, Alberto Salomone, Katherine M. Keyes
Specimens were tested via published methods using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry [41–43]. We tested for common drugs including cannabis (THC), amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, MDMA, ketamine, PCP, heroin (6-MAM), and prescription opioids including morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphine, and oxymorphone. We also tested for a variety of uncommon drugs and NPS including 19 synthetic cathinones (i.e. mephedrone, 4-MEC, methylone, 3,4-MDPV, pentedrone, 3-MMC, ethylcathinone, alpha-PVP, butylone, buphedrone, mexedrone, amfepramone, pentylone, methedrone, ethylone, naphyrone, 4-F-methylcathinone, 3,4-DMMC, alpha-PHiP) and 7 psychedelic phenethylamines (i.e. 2 C-B, 2 C-P, 25B-NBOMe, 25 C-NBOMe, 25H-NBOMe, 25I-NBOMe, 4-EA-NBOMe). We also tested for 5 other euphoric stimulants (i.e. 4-FA, 5/6-APB, 5-MAPB, PMA, PMMA) and 3 dissociative NPS (i.e. MXE, 4-MeO-PCP, diphenidine). In addition, we tested for fentanyl, 8 fentanyl analogs (i.e. carfentanyl, acetylfentanyl, furanylfentanyl, butyrfentanyl, acryloylfentanil, 4-fluorofentanyl, 3-methylfentanyl, ocfentanyl), and for 5 other opioid NPS (i.e. U-47,700, U-49900, AH-7921, MT-45, U-51,754).
The influence of viewing a headline about ecstasy/Molly adulteration on future intentions to use
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2020
Joseph J. Palamar, Patricia Acosta, Charles M. Cleland
While MDMA use is associated with its own unique dangers (Parrott, 2013), synthetic cathinones, commonly referred to as “bath salts” in the US, appear to be some of the most common adulterants or replacements for drugs sold as ecstasy/Molly (Oliver et al., 2018). Although drug-testing studies are lacking in the US, such studies throughout Europe have often detected “bath salts” such as methylone, mephedrone, 4-MEC, and ethylone in drugs sold as ecstasy (Brunt et al., 2016; Brunt, Poortman, Niesink, & van Den Brink, 2011; Hondebrink, Nugteren-van Lonkhuyzen, Van Der Gouwe, & Brunt, 2015; Vidal Gine et al., 2016). These studies have also detected a variety of other stimulants in ecstasy such as 2C-B, 5/6-APB, BZP, 4-FA, and PMMA (Brunt et al., 2016; Hondebrink et al., 2015). Most of these compounds are relatively new, underresearched, and potentially as dangerous, or more dangerous, than MDMA (Oliver et al., 2018; Vevelstad et al., 2012). Aside from potential danger associated with “bath salt” use, use of these compounds also appears to be particularly stigmatized in the EDM scene. For example, among EDM party attendees who have heard of “bath salts,” three quarters (76%) disapprove of use (with almost half [47.6%] strongly disapproving) and 30% believe that use has turned individuals into cannibals, as has been falsely reported by some media sources (Palamar, 2018; Palamar et al., 2017).