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Order Tymovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Li et al. (2009) used TYMV to synthesize bio-colloidal composite based on the noncovalent interactions with poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP). TYMV particles fully covered the surface of a P4VP ball with a hexagon-like packing. The raspberry-like morphology of TYMV-P4VP colloids and the packing pattern of TYMV were revealed by numerous physical methods. The size of TYMVP4VP colloids was controlled readily by varying the mass ratio of virus and polymer.
Conjugation of Polymers with Biomolecules and Polymeric Vaccine Development Technologies
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Thionylchloride, carbodiimide, and irradiation in covalent bonding methods were used. Polycations (poly-4-vinylpyridine) polyanions (polyacrylic acid, poly N-isopropylacrylamide, poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone) and differently structured copolymers (copolymers of acrylic acid with N-isopropylacrylamide and N-vinylpyrrolidone) with proteins, steroid hormones (estradiol, anti-cancer betaine hapten), and the binding techniques of polypeptides of different polypeptides – hepatitis B and VP1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus have been developed (Anasir and Poh 2019; Mamabolo et al. 2020). Pentamers of VP1 proteins are known to be self-assembled into capsid-like particles and unable to specifically bind DNA. The surface loops of the protein interact with the sialic acid of ganglioside receptors. In another study with VP1 protein, the main structural protein of mouse polyomavirus (MPyV). In the cytoplasm, the interaction of VP1-bound microtubules and VP1, including the mitotic spindle, with the microtubules has resulted in a cell cycle block in the G2/M phase. In late phase of MPyV infection and in cells expressing VP1, microtubes have been found to be hyperacillated. Based on this, it has been shown how VP1 interacts with microtubes is that VP1 is a multifunctional protein that participates in the regulation of cell cycle progression in MPyV-infected cells (Horníková et al. 2017).
Polymer–Silver Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterisation and Antibacterial Mechanism
Published in Huiliang Cao, Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Devices, 2017
To control silver release rate, multifunctional nanocomposites based on biodegradable polymer matrix and Ag NPs were fabricated via solvent evaporation. A specific round-like poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanocomposite based on Ag NPs was fabricated by the chloroform evaporation in the presence of Ag NPs and demonstrated the role of the microstructure nanocomposite surface on bacteria adhesion properties (Fortunati et al. 2011, 2013). Moreover, the silver-containing poly-(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid) nanofibrous scaffolds as tissue engineering scaffolds were prepared by electrospinning and showed good antibacterial activity and good in vitro cell compatibility (Xing et al. 2010). Ag NPs coated with poly(4-vinylpyridine) shells were also synthesised by dissolving poly(4-vinylpyridine) in ethanol with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and subsequently adding to Ag NP aqueous solution at elevated temperatures. The polymer shells imparted affinity on the Ag NP surface, which allowed them to spontaneously self-assemble with unmodified Ag NPs (Heckel et al. 2009).
Design, synthesis and characterization of enzyme-analogue-built polymer catalysts as artificial hydrolases
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Divya Mathew, Benny Thomas, Karakkattu Subrahmanian Devaky
The interactions between the template and the functional monomers are responsible for the selectivity of MIP. The template molecule directs the organization of the functional groups pendent to the functional monomers. Hence selection of the template molecule is the heart of molecular imprinting. Functional monomer, the polymerizable entity is responsible for the binding interactions in the imprinted binding sites. The complementarity between the functionality of the template and that of the functional monomer, say, H-bond donor and H-bond acceptor stabilizes the pre-polymerization complex [17]. The most commonly used functional monomers are methacrylic acid (MAA) and 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP) [18]. The other components that can be varied in the system are the choice of the monomers, the crosslinkers, the porogens, and to some extent the initiators.
Systematic determination of the relationship between nanoparticle core diameter and toxicity for a series of structurally analogous gold nanoparticles in zebrafish
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
Lisa Truong, Tatiana Zaikova, Brandi L. Baldock, Michele Balik-Meisner, Kimberly To, David M. Reif, Zachary C. Kennedy, James E. Hutchison, Robert L. Tanguay
In the second step, TMAT-AuNPs were synthesized through a biphasic ligand exchange reaction of TOAB-stabilized particles in toluene with TMAT (Kearns 2007). TMAT (100 mg) was dissolved in 30 mL of water and neutralized by passing through a column of poly (4-vinylpyridine) before adding it to the toluene solution obtained from the first step. The biphasic reaction mixture was stirred rapidly at room temperature for 23 h. The reaction was deemed complete when the dark-colored NPs transferred from the organic to aqueous phase. The aqueous layer was isolated and extracted with 30 mL × 5 of DCM to remove remaining toluene. Traces of organic solvents remaining after the extractions were removed by rotary evaporation at room temperature. The crude material was purified by diafiltration using a 100 kDa membrane with 2000 mL (100 volumes) of nanopure water. After lyophilization, the powder was collected and characterized by 1H NMR, UV-vis spectroscopy, SAXS, and TEM.
Vitamin C prevents memory impairment induced by waterpipe smoke: role of oxidative stress
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2018
Mohammad A. Y. Alqudah, Karem H. Alzoubi, Ghida’a M. Ma’abrih, Omar F. Khabour
To determine activities or levels of oxidative stress enzymes and molecules, hippocampus tissues were homogenized manually using small pestle in lysis buffer (137 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris–HCl pH 8.0, 1% Nonylphenol polyethylene glycol ether, 10% glycerol, 0.5 mM sodium vanadate, 1 mM polymethane sulfonyl floride), and protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich Corp, MI, USA). Homogenates were centrifuged to remove insoluble material (14,000 × g for 5 min, 4 °C). Total protein concentration was estimated using commercially available kit (BioRAD, Hercules, CA). To quantify glutathione (GSH), homogenates were deproteinized in 5% 5-Sulfosalicylic acid, centrifuged at 10,000×g and 4 °C for 10 min, and then the supernatants were assayed for total GSH and GSSG according to the manufacturer instructions (Glutathione Assay Kit, Sigma-Aldrich Corp). For analysis of GSSG, 10 μl of 1 M 4-vinylpyridine (Sigma-Aldrich Corp) was added per 1 ml of supernatant to quantify GSSG. GSH was calculated by subtracting total glutathione species value from GSSG value. Activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was determined using GPx cellular activity assay kit (Sigma-Aldrich). Catalase activity was measured using commercially available kits according to the manufacturer instructions (Cayman Chemicals Co, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels in hippocampus were measured using TBARS Assay Kit (Cayman Chem. Com. Ann Arbor, MI). ELISA plates were read at kit’s specified wave lengths using Epoch Biotek microplate reader (BioTek, Winooski, VT).