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Fentanyl and Related Opioids
Published in Ornella Corazza, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, Handbook of Novel Psychoactive Substances, 2018
Esther Papaseit, Magí Farré, Clara Pérez-Mañá, Adriana Farré, Francina Fonseca, Marta Torrens
The Swedish STRIDA project, between the periods April–November 2015 and April–November 2016, revealed a total of 25 analytically confirmed intoxications involving fentanyl derivatives. Particularly, the compounds identified were mainly acetylfentanyl and 4-methoxybutyrfentanyl, followed by acrylfentanyl, furanylfentanyl, 4F-iBF, and THF-F, and the combinations 4-methoxybutyrfentanyl with furanylfentanyl, and acrylfentanyl with 4Cl-iBF (Helander, Bäckberg, & Beck, 2016, 2017). In addition to these clinical descriptions, symptoms of intoxication have been described in other cases in which acetylfentanyl, butyrylfentanyl, furanylfentanyl in crack cocaine, AH-7921, U-47700, and MT-45 have been involved (Bäckberg, Beck, Jönsson, & Helander, 2015; Cole, Dunbar, McIntire, Regelmann, & Slusher, 2015; Beck, Franzén, Bäckberg, Signell, & Helander, 2016; Rogers, Rehrer, & Hoot, 2016; Armenian, Vo, Barr-Walker, & Lynch, 2017). Although, the route of administration is not usually described, most cases reported intranasal, intravenous, or oral use.
Use and knowledge of novel synthetic opioids: An Italian survey
Published in Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2022
Gianfranco Stigliano, Andrea Miuli, Alessandra Vizziello, Arianna Ida Altomare, Aliseo Lalli, Maria Chiara Alessi, Antonella Sociali, Annarita Rucco, Chiara Vannini, Giovanni Martinotti, Massimo di Giannantonio
Regarding other NSOs, five subjects reported the use of benzoylfentanyl (0.5%), four subjects methyl fentanyl (0.4%), three subjects acetyl fentanyl and benzyl fentanyl (0.3%), two subjects 4-methoxybutyrfentanyl (0.2%), and while furanyl fentanyl, carfentanil, acryloyl fentanyl, ocfentanil, U-49900, U-50488, and MPF-47700 were used by one subject (0.1% for each substance).