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Synthetic Cathinones and Related Fatalities in the United Kingdom
Published in Ornella Corazza, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, Handbook of Novel Psychoactive Substances, 2018
John M. Corkery, Christine Goodair, Hugh Claridge
There have been increased numbers of presentations to emergency departments (EDs) for both physical- and mental-health-associated toxicity due to use of cathinones in Europe (UNODC, 2017). According to the Euro-DEN project, NPS accounted for 7.3% of admissions n = 10,709) across 16 centres in 10 European cities in 2014–2015; cathinones accounted for 61.2%, of which 73.9% involved mephedrone. Out of a total of 67 deaths in this study, all nine were attributable to NPS-involved cathinones (Dargan, 2017). There is no recent information on disaggregated cases in the UK. Two-thirds (64%) of cathinone users (n = 81) reporting to EDs between January 2010 and January 2016 in southern Germany were male, aged 34 on average. Higher rates of intoxications were caused by, in descending order, MDPV, methylone, and 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) (Romanek et al., 2017).
The association of amfetamines and cathinones with acute coronary syndrome – a systematic review
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
F. M. J. Gresnigt, E. S. Smits, C. den Haan, R. K. Riezebos, E. J. F. Franssen, D. W. de Lange
Observational studies (case reports, case series, cohort, case-control, cross-sectional) and interventional studies (randomized controlled trials, experimental studies) that enrolled participants > 18 years old, diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome, with self-reported amfetamine or cathinone use within four days, current chronic drug abuse or positive toxicology screening for amfetamines or cathinones, published in English or Dutch, were included. Co-ingestions with cocaine, amfetamine prescription medication, perinatal complications, sudden cardiac death without a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome, review articles, editorials, and in vitro and animal studies were excluded. No study was excluded based on methodological quality. The primary outcome was reported cases of amfetamine- and cathinone-associated acute coronary syndrome, and secondary outcomes were the type of acute coronary syndrome, the atherothrombotic etiology (atherothrombosis defined as coronary artery stenosis >50% or thrombus), and mortality rate. Amfetamines included amfetamine, metamfetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymetamfetamine (MDMA), para-methoxymetamfetamine (PMMA), 4-fluoramfetamine (4-FA), and 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-((2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)ethanamine (25B-NBOMe). Cathinones included khat and synthetic cathinones such as α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP), 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC), 4-methylcathinone (methylone), 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone), and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV).
Blood concentrations of synthetic cathinones
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
There are also some other limitations of this report. The current body of knowledge regarding the blood concentrations of synthetic cathinones is based mostly on clinical cases because only a few controlled studies have been conducted [119]. Presented concentrations include serum, plasma, as well as whole blood levels. Serum was the most commonly used material among living, while whole blood was used in fatal cases. It is worth noting, however, that the authors often use the term blood while actually examining the serum. The term plasma is also often used in the literature, although serum samples have been analysed. Although the concentrations in serum and plasma appear to be similar, in real conditions different additives (in plasma) may influence on the stability and yield different results. When drug concentrations in plasma or serum are compared with whole blood, the degree of plasma-protein binding should be considered, however, these values are mostly unknown for synthetic cathinones. Moreover, the concentrations in autopsy samples may vary widely due to post-mortem redistribution and the sampling location. For example, 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) concentrations in fatal cases in cardiac blood were 2.4–2.8 times higher than in peripheral blood [62,64]. Central/peripheral blood concentration ratios of α-PVP, ethylone and methylone also varied considerably [44,132].
“Slam Sex” - Sexualized Injecting Drug Use (“SIDU”) Amongst Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM)—A Scoping Review
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2021
Florian Scheibein, John Wells, Susana Henriques, Marie Claire Van Hout
Dosing may be learnt interactionally between SIDU participants (Bjerno, 2017). In a case report, Dolengevich-Segal et al. (2016) note that one participant (MSM) engaging in SIDU reported injecting 0.1–0.2 mg mephedrone every hour, consuming 3–4 grams on a weekend. In some cases, MSM engaging in SIDU may stop injecting methamphetamine due to the intensity of the experience and may switch to other drugs such as 4-Methylethcathinone (4-MEC), 3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC), cocaine, methoxetamine (MXE) or 4-Fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) (Knoops et al., 2015).