China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Pharmacotherapy of Neurochemical Imbalances
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Rupali Patil, Aman Upaganlawar, Suvarna Ingale
Many substances of different chemical nature are identified as neurotransmitters. Depending upon their chemical nature, neurotransmitters are classified into five groups: Amino Acids: These neurotransmitters mediate fast synaptic transmission and functions as inhibitory and excitatory in nature. Examples include GABA, glycine, glutamate, and aspartate (Ayano, 2016).Amines: These are chemically transformed amino acids. They mediate slow synaptic transmission. These also functions as inhibitory and excitatory in action. Examples include NA, adrenaline, DA, serotonin, and histamine (Ayano, 2016).Trace Amines: For example, phenethylamine, N-methylphenethylamine, tyramine, 3-iodothyronamine, octopamine, tryptamine, etc.Peptides: For example opioid peptides, substance P, etc.Purines: For example adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine, etc.
Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ulotaront (SEP-363856, a trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonist) for the treatment of schizophrenia and other mental disorders: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical trials
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2023
Gia Han Le, Emily S. Gillissie, Taeho Greg Rhee, Bing Cao, Yazen Alnefeesi, Ziji Guo, Joshua D. Di Vincenzo, Muhammad Youshay Jawad, Andrew M. March, Ranuk Ramachandra, Leanna M.W. Lui, Roger S. McIntyre
Activation of TAAR1 is mediated by endogenous trace amines (TAs) [32]. TAs (e.g. p-tyramine, β-phenylethylamine, and 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM)) belong to a family of endogenous amines that are related to monoamine neurotransmitters and are considered to be potential neuromodulators [32,33]. Findings from preclinical studies suggest that p-tyramine and β-phenylethylamine may be involved in the regulation of responses to and/or secretion of ‘dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and GABA’ [32,34,35]. In a preclinical study, it was found that TAAR1 activation blocked hyperactivity induced by psychostimulants and exhibited similar neuronal interconnectivity patterns to those during antipsychotic administration (e.g. olanzapine) [35]. This suggests that TAAR1 may possess antipsychotic-like properties that help reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Furthermore, not only did these TAAR1 agonists not induce weight gain, but they also prevented fat accumulation associated with olanzapine usage [35]. Additionally, TAAR1 activation also appeared to promote vigilance in rats, elicit antidepressant-like effects, and induce pro-cognitive effects in rodents and primates [35].
Trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) modulators: a patent review (2010-present)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2020
Michele Tonelli, Elena Cichero
TAAR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor (Gαs) that responds to various endogenous molecules named trace amines (TAs). TAAR1 expression is found in various organs as the stomach, pancreas, intestines and the central nervous system. In the brain, TAAR1 was found in structures associated with dopamine (ventral tegmental area) and serotonin (dorsal raphe nuclei) regulation, thus suggesting that TAAR1 has a role in the classical monoamine neurotransmitters regulation [1]. TAAR1 has low affinity for classic monoamines, while is activated with nanomolar to micromolar affinity by some endogenous amines, particularly p-tyramine, β-phenylethylamine and tryptamine which are produced by the decarboxylation of aromatic amino acids (respectively, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan) catalyzed by the enzyme aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) [2]. TAs include some of their derivatives, namely 2-hydroxy-p-tyramine (octopamine), N-methyl-2-hydroxy-p-tyramine (synephrine), and 3-methoxy-p-tyramine [3] and also 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) which is probably derived from the metabolism of thyroid hormones and may represent a novel branch of these hormones signaling [4].
Trace amine-associated receptor 1: a multimodal therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric diseases
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2018
Michael D. Schwartz, Juan J. Canales, Riccardo Zucchi, Stefano Espinoza, Ilya Sukhanov, Raul R. Gainetdinov
3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) is an endogenous compound whose chemical structure is related to thyroid hormones [16]. The differences consist in the absence of the carboxyl group and of all iodine atoms except one. It is thought to be synthesized from 3,5,3ʹ-triiodothyronine (T3) through the sequential action of deiodinases and amino acid decarboxylases (possibly ornithine decarboxylase) [17], but the precise biosynthetic pathway and the physiological site(s) of production are still unclear. T1AM has been identified in rodent and human blood, and in most rodent organs including the brain, where its average endogenous level is on the order of a few pmoles per g [16,18–23].