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Production of Contracting Agents
Published in Thomas F. Lüscher, Paul M. Vanhoutte, The Endothelium: Modulator of Cardiovascular Function, 2020
Thomas F. Lüscher, Paul M. Vanhoutte
Endothelial cells can be a source of lipoxygenase products such as 15-s-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE448,1183,1336). 15-HETE has proadhesive properties.448 Possibly, under conditions of reduced formation of prostacyclin and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE), more arachidonic acid is shunted into the lipoxygenase pathway. Lipoxygenase products can evoke contractions of vascular smooth muscle.1027,1336 Theoretically they thus could act as EDCFs.
Exercise Redox Signalling
Published in James N. Cobley, Gareth W. Davison, Oxidative Eustress in Exercise Physiology, 2022
Ruy A. Louzada, Jessica Bouviere, Rodrigo S. Fortunato, Denise P. Carvalho
Fascinatingly, exercise also generates regular and synchronized ROS waves in remote tissues, such as liver, heart, adipose, among others (Davies et al., 1982; Matta et al., 2021; Muthusamy et al., 2012). It creates a transient pro-oxidative environment in those tissues that might be supported by releasable factors from contracting muscle. As a result, coordinated communication with different tissues is promoted (Louzada et al., 2020). It has recently been suggested that the first phase of the exercise-induced ROS wave occurs within contracting muscle and promotes multiple post-translational modifications in many kinases and phosphatases (Figure 3.4, panel on bottom). These are crucial for the local stimulus of muscular glucose uptake, mitochondrial biogenesis, and antioxidant capacity. Additionally, skeletal muscles also produce ROS, which could lead to the oxidation of macromolecules, such as lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, products of lipid peroxidation (13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid [HODE] and 4-hydroxynonenal [HNE]) are capable of binding to nuclear receptors in remote cells. In addition, myokines and exosomes might be released from skeletal muscle in response to intracellular ROS stimulated by physical exercise. In addition, lactate is a metabolite that was also referred as “lactormone” due to its properties to modulate the redox state (Brooks, 2018) and control PGC-1α expression in a redox-mediated manner (Nalbandian et al., 2019). Once in the blood circulation, all these mediators communicate to remote tissues during and after exercise periods (Figure 3.4 panel on top). Consequently, the second phase of ROS waves might stimulate some redox-sensitive signalling pathways in non-contracting tissues, leading to widespread responses to physical exercise. For example, activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) controls the expression of more than 200 cytoprotective genes (Done and Traustadóttir, 2016). Following exercise, it is established that Nrf2 activation occurs within contracting muscle and also in several remote tissues, including kidney (Pala et al., 2016), brain (Wafi et al., 2019), liver (Rojo de la Vega and Zhang, 2018), myocardium (Shanmugam et al., 2019), and adipose tissues (Matta et al., 2021). This leads to the upregulation of endogenous antioxidant defences and an overall greater ability to counteract the damaging effects of oxidative stress (Louzada et al., 2020).
Effects of Fatty Acids on Hematological Neoplasms: A Mini Review
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Silvia Giannattasio, Maria Dri, Giuseppe Merra, Giovanna Caparello, Tiziana Rampello, Laura Di Renzo
Recent findings about the relationship between FA in diet and cancer development and progression. An important study of Storniolo et al. (8) have highlighted that inflammation molecules and eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid could have a primary role in colorectal cancer (CRC). Testing these molecules on Caco-2 cells, they have demonstrated that oleic acid is a potent mitogenic factor for these cells and this pathway is mediated by cycloxigenase and lipoxygenase metabolites. On these cells EPA has a dual effect: at low concentration it induces cell proliferation, while at high concentration EPA causes apoptosis. By the way, it is not so clear how these FAs contributes to cancer progression and/or apoptosis. Following the same research area, another metabolite, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, synthesized from linoleic acid, is able to induce apoptosis in Caco-2 cells; it is characterized by two enantiomeric form, R and S, that show different proliferative effect on CRC cells. The balance between these two enantiomeric form is crucial for cell homeostasis (9). Other arachidonic acid metabolites, like PGE2, stimulates other proteins involved in Caco-2 cells growth (such as ERK, P38alpha, CREB) (10).
Telmisartan Influences the Antiproliferative Activity of Linoleic Acid in Human Colon Cancer Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Magdalena Mielczarek-Puta, Dagmara Otto-Ślusarczyk, Alicja Chrzanowska, Agnieszka Filipek, Wojciech Graboń
According to date obtained by Sasaki et al. in human gastrointestinal cancer cells the antitumoral LA effect also depends on PPARgamma activation (45,46). Ohmori et al. showed that long treatment with LA induced a decrease in EGFR, VEGF, and Bak, and an increase in Bcl-2 in MKN28 and Colo320 cells, what might be associated with inhibition of cell growth, angiogenesis, and apoptosis (35). Moreover, the antitumoral effect on colon cancer cells was observed for LA metabolites (9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, and 13-oxooctadecadienoic acid), that possess strong PPARgamma ligand activity (47,48). Results obtained in experimental studies indicated a strong positive correlation between the distribution of PPAR and the enzymes responsible for the metabolism of LA in colon cells. These relationships may suggest that the connection between high dietary fat and enhanced intestinal tumorigenesis is mediated in part through PPAR-dependent processes (49–52).
Tocopheryl quinone improves non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) associated dysmetabolism of glucose and lipids by upregulating the expression of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) via restoring the balance of intestinal flora in rats
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Tao Sun, Bing Zhang, Qing-jing Ru, Xiao-mei Chen, Bo-dong Lv
Levels of vitamin E, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) were quantified using liquid chromatography online electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometric) following routine procedures.