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HLA-DR and -DQ Typing by DNA-RFLP Analysis
Published in M. Kam, Jeffrey L. Bidwell, Handbook of HLA TYPING TECHNIQUES, 2020
Transfer the aqueous phase to a clean 250 ml Nalgene bottle, and add an equal volume of isopropanol (propan-2-ol). Mix, leave at room temperature for 15 min, and centrifuge at room temperature for 30 min at 3000 × g.
Neural Regulation
Published in Stephen W. Carmichael, Susan L. Stoddard, The Adrenal Medulla 1986 - 1988, 2017
Stephen W. Carmichael, Susan L. Stoddard
Although adrenal medullary secretion of catecholamines has classically been related to the action of acetylcholine released from the preganglionic fibers, peptides also may be involved in this process. Bouloux, Perrett, Sopwith et al. (1986) examined the opioid control of neurally mediated adrenal medullary catecholamine release by means of in situ perfusion in the rat. Catecholamine secretion was elicited by electrical stimulation of the descending thoracic sympathetic chain. The administration of morphine, D-Ala2-MePhe4-[Met]enkephalin-(O5)-ol (DAMME; a [Met]enkephalin agonist) or naloxone did not significantly alter the secretion of medullary catecholamines. These observations indicate that, in the model used, there is no evidence of the involvement of μ or δ opioid receptors in neurally-mediated cate-cholamine release from the rat adrenal medulla.
REGULATORY MECHANISMS
Published in David M. Gibson, Robert A. Harris, Metabolic Regulation in Mammals, 2001
David M. Gibson, Robert A. Harris
Glucagon is a single-chain polypeptide hormone (Mr 3.48S) synthesized and secreted by the alpha cells ol the endocrine pancreas primarily in response to 1аШпц levels of plasma glucose concentrations. The half life in blood is about five minutes, blcvatcd levels ol glucagon are typical of the starvation state (Chapter 4). Like epinephrine, glucagon binds to receptors on the plasma membranes of liver and adipose tissue to signal the release of glucose ami fatty acids, respectively, from the storage forms of the metabolic fuels glycogen and triglyceride (Figure 3.5). Glucagon receptors have a seven transmembrane configuration and are opposed to tripartite G proteins much the same as the beta adrenergic receptors of liver, adipose and skeletal muscle (Figure 3.5). However, there are no glucagon receptors on the surface of muscle and the hormone-exerts no direct effect on muscle metabolism. As shown in Figure 3.4, the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) is released in the cvtosol in response to the
Comparison of ConsExpo estimated exposure levels to glycol ethers during professional cleaning work to existing regulatory occupational exposure limit values
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
From Table 2 one can see that all six identified glycol ethers have classifications, harmonized or not, where the route of exposure is inhalation. The classifications include Acute Tox. 2; H330 (fatal if inhaled), Acute Tox. 3; H331 (toxic if inhaled) and Acute Tox. 4; H332 (harmful if inhaled). In addition, other inhalation hazard classifications include STOT SE/RE, i.e., specific target organ toxicity, under single or repeated exposure with hazard statements H335 (may cause respiratory irritation), H336 (may cause drowsiness or dizziness), H370 (causes damage to organs), H371 (may cause damage to organs) and H372 and H373 (causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure). For specific compounds, other classifications include skin and eye irritations (2-butoxyethanol and 1-butoxy-2-propanol), eye irritation (2-[2-butoxyethoxy] ethanol) and flammable liquid (1-methoxypropan-2-ol).
Odorranalectin modified PEG–PLGA/PEG–PBLG curcumin-loaded nanoparticle for intranasal administration
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Xinrui Li, Jing Su, Zul Kamal, Pengcheng Guo, Xinyi Wu, Lina Lu, Hongbing Wu, Mingfeng Qiu
In this experiment, the thiol group on the OL was reacted with the maleimide group on the polymer to form OL modified polymer. Since OL contains two cysteines, the sulfhydryl group on the OL was protected by Acm to prevent the terminal sulfhydryl group from forming disulfide bond in odorranalectin. As shown in Figure 2, maleimide peak (δ 6.65) of OL–PEG–PLGA disappeared in the 1H-NMR spectrum. It indicated that maleimide has reacted with sulfhydryl of OL. The calibration curves were calculated by linear regression of the peak area (A) obtained by HPLC detection versus the concentration of the reference solution injected. The linear regression equation was obtained as A = 2587.2C + 9.677 (R2 = 0.9998). And the linear range was from 0.03125 mg/ml to 0.5000 mg/ml, which showed a good linear relationship. The reacted concentration of OL was 0.5 mg/ml, and the peak area was 774.6. Calculated by the standard curve, the concentration of OL in filtrate was 0.29 mg/ml. The reacted consumption of OL was 0.4 mg. The theoretical amount of OL was 0.52 mg. The conjugating rate of C–OL (Acm) and polymer was 76.92% and 76.39%.
Surface modified niosomes of olanzapine for brain targeting via nasal route; preparation, optimization, and in vivo evaluation
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2020
Rasha A. Khallaf, Heba M. Aboud, Ossama M. Sayed
Olanzapine (OL) is an atypical antipsychotic drug that belongs to the thienobenzodiazepine-class (2-methyl-4–(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-10H-thieno-[2,3-b][1,5] benzodiazepine) (Ayala et al. 2006). The atypical antipsychotics are widely used against schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders due to their better clinical efficiency and fewer side effects compared to typical antipsychotics. However, OL is practically insoluble in water and exhibits an extensive hepatic metabolism and suffers from poor bioavailability (40%) following oral dose and hence small effective dose can reach the target organ, the brain (Sood et al. 2013).