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Motor Neurological Examination of the Hand and Upper Limb
Published in J. Terrence Jose Jerome, Clinical Examination of the Hand, 2022
There are three different types of skills for motor coordination:Fine motor skills: These are coordinated movements of small muscles like those of the hands and face. Examples of these fine motor skills include writing, drawing or buttoning a shirt.Gross motor skills: These are coordinated movements of large muscles or groups of muscles like those of the trunk or extremities. Examples include walking, running and lifting activities.Hand-eye skills: These skills refer to the ability of the visual system to coordinate the visual information received and then control or direct the hands in the accomplishment of a task. Examples include catching a ball, sewing and a surgeon using a laparoscope.
Introduction
Published in Fiona Broadley, Supporting Life Skills for Young Children with Vision Impairment and Other Disabilities, 2020
Gross motor skills are included here, because if they are good they form the basis of fine motor skills. Where these are underdeveloped, there will be fine motor problems, too. As a parent/carer or specialist practitioner, it is vital that you liaise with other involved professionals, such as occupational therapists, physiotherapists and paediatricians. This will inform your intervention, avoid contraindications and get the best level of care and support for the child.
Neurofeedback in an Integrative Medical Practice
Published in Hanno W. Kirk, Restoring the Brain, 2020
Past medical history was significant for prolonged labor and fetal distress during the birth process. As a baby, he was diagnosed with reflux. As he matured, he continued to have daily upper abdominal discomfort with belching and regurgitation. As a toddler he met most developmental milestones except for issues of low neurological tone, causing some delay in gross motor skills. Iron supplements were prescribed for mild anemia. Mother noted ongoing issues with anxiety and obsessive thoughts about bad things happening to him or his family. He was worried about various body sensations representing significant disease. He was prone to getting generalized tightness around his head for an hour or so after using electronic media. He was under the care of a naturopath and receiving a large number of supplements, including Vitamin B complex, magnesium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, taurine, probiotics, and digestive enzymes.
Gross motor disorders in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and survivors: A systematic review
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2022
Juliette Marie Brito-Suárez, Fernanda Camacho-Juárez, Carlos Maximiliano Sánchez-Medina, Gabriela Hernández-Pliego, Claudia Gutiérrez-Camacho
Gross motor skills are those that use large muscles that allow body movement: walking, running, jumping, and balance. These movements are essential to child development as they lead to the achievement of school activities, play, social interaction7 and allow the establishment of patterns of physical activity that remain until adulthood8. During cancer treatment, some basic gross motor skills are affected, mostly those required to climb, ball skills (aiming and catching), as well as to keep balance9. In survivors, disorders in strength and knee and leg flexibility until 20 years after treatment have been reported10; in addition to low adherence to physical activity recommendations and inactive lifestyle with widely described metabolic and cardiovascular risks11.
High myopia and vitreal veils in a patient with Poretti– Boltshauser syndrome due to a novel homozygous LAMA1 mutation
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2022
Nawid Faizi, Ingele Casteels, Bruno Termote, Paul Coucke, Elfride De Baere, Marieke De Bruyne, Irina Balikova
In contrast to previous reports, our patient did not show major neurological symptoms. Neurological symptoms can be very variable in PTBHS. The presence of ataxia seems to be a persistent symptom in PTBHS. It was described in all cases by Poretti and colleagues, as well as by later reports by Aldinger et al., and even in 16 cases by Micalizzi et al. Micalizzi et al. reported a large cohort of 17 PTBHS patients, from which 14 families with confirmed biallelic LAMA1 variants. Our patient did not show any signs of ataxia. Furthermore, intellectual disability and language impairment are symptoms that have been described in a large proportion of patients with PTBHS. Micalizzi et al. described some form of developmental delay in 17 cases, and we did see a mild form of delay in the development of gross motor skills. This presented together with mild axial hypotonia, but both resolved with age. This confirms the variability of the neurological phenotype in patients with PTHBS. The presence of ocular motor apraxia seems to be an important clinical finding in PTBHS. Poretti et al. described ocular motor apraxia in 5/7 cases and Micalizzi et al. in 13/17 cases. At a young age, there were some signs of possible ocular motor apraxia in our patient; however, these did not persist during the follow-up period. Less commonly reported findings in PTBHS seem to be axial hypotony and the presence of focal seizures (15).
Comprehensive motor skills assessment in children with autism spectrum disorder yields global deficits
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2022
Christina E. Odeh, Allison L. Gladfelter, Carolyn Stoesser, Sarah Roth
One of the challenges of identifying specific motor deficits in ASD is that they manifest differently as children grow. In early development, acquisition of gross motor skills requires both strength and sensory feedback to learn how to move against gravity and active practice. As infants begin to crawl, walk, run, and jump, the physical demands of motor skills change. For clinicians working with children with ASD, recognizing these early changing motor behaviors in ASD is critical for early diagnosis and intervention. A recent narrative review by May et al. (2016), concluded that motor impairment may be an early diagnostic sign or behavioral marker in ASD. Poor postural control in infants, as evidenced by head lag, has been associated with a subsequent diagnosis of ASD (Flanagan et al.2012). In fact, poor postural control and gross motor delays in children with ASD could indicate possible neurodevelopmental disruption in these children (e.g. Downey et al.2012, Ozonoff et al.2008). Postural control requires an infant or toddler to be able to produce a motor response to stay upright (e.g. sitting, standing, or walking) prior to something that would cause them to lose their balance (anticipatory motor responses) (Hadder-Algra 2018). Developmentally, postural control deficits lead to delays in mobility, including crawling and walking. Once children are upright and walking, the effects of gravity and reduced postural stability will present as balance deficits.