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The Chemistry of O-Polysaccharide Chains in Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
The LPS of one of the common causes of vibriosis, V. anguillarum 02 (71), has been studied. It is one of 10 distinct serotypes of this species (Table 6). Its O-antigen polysaccharide has several unusual features, such as three different 2,3-diaminohexuronic acids (with d-gluco-, d-manno, and l-galacto configuration) and 2,4-diamino-2,4,6-trideoxy-d-glucose (bacillosamine). Vibrio cholerae is divided into Ol and non-Ol, where 01 is the major causative agent for cholera. Unusual structures were found for the V. cholerae 076 (72) and 0144 (73) antigens. Thus, they are homopolymers built up of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-l-mannose l-perosamine residues, in contrast to 01 which is a homopolymer of d-perosamine. The acid forming the amide in 01 is 3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronic acid (or (S)-2,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid), but for 076 it was (S)-2-hydroxypropionic acid, and in 0144 (R)-(2-hydroxyl)-propionic acid. As expected, no serological cross-reaction was observed between 01 and the two other species.
Vibrio: Caenorhabditis elegans as a Laboratory Model for Vibrio Infections
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Sellegounder Durai, Krishnaswamy Balamurugan
Vibriosis is a common illness among seafood consumers that is caused by bacteria of the family Vibrionaceae. Among many species within the Vibrionaceae family, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio alginolyticus are important foodborne pathogens in humans. Transmitted through uncooked or partially cooked seafood, vibriosis produces a range of symptoms, including cholera, dysentery, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, sepsis, and fasciitis. The virulence, mode of infection, symptoms, and treatment are different for each of these species. Showing variations in virulent factors as well as differences between the wild-type and clinical isolates, the pathogenicity of Vibrio species is complex. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been the preferred model system for many investigators to study pathogenesis of this disease. The current chapter summarizes the available models for studying Vibrio spp. infections, with an emphasis on the utility of C. elegans model.
Miscellaneous Topics
Published in John M. Wayne, Cynthia A. Schandl, S. Erin Presnell, Forensic Pathology Review, 2017
John M. Wayne, Cynthia A. Schandl, S. Erin Presnell
Other notifiable infectious disease processes include the viral hemorrhagic fevers (e.g., Hantavirus, Ebola); acute hepatitis A, B, and C; shiga toxin-producing E coli; and many others. In addition, the CDC lists notifiable outbreaks (e.g., foodborne disease) and noninfectious conditions (e.g., carbon monoxide poisoning). While the notifiable diseases represent voluntary notification, local and state governments generally create yearly mandatory reportable disease lists. In many cases in the United States, the state health agency notifies the CDC. Answer A is incorrect. All of those diseases checked except Norwalk virus are notifiable as is vibriosis.Answer B is incorrect. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) complex infection is not currently a notifiable disease. This is likely due to the fact that the organisms do not affect the immunocompetent host and are ubiquitous in the environment. In addition, Legionnaires' disease is notifiable.Answer C is incorrect. HIV, Syphilis, and TB (mycobacterium tuberculosis) are also notifiable, while MAI and Norwalk virus are not.Answer D is correct. All of those infectious diseases checked are considered notifiable diseases by the CDC for the 2016 year. Each year, the CDC creates a list of infectious agents that they consider notifiable in order to perform public health surveillance. The list is available online at the CDC website: http://www.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/notifiable/2016/infectious-diseases/.Answer E is incorrect. In addition to those checked, Legionnaires' disease and TB are also notifiable. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) complex infection is not currently a notifiable disease.
The role of chitosan on oral delivery of peptide-loaded nanoparticle formulation
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2018
Chun Y. Wong, Hani Al-Salami, Crispin R. Dass
Vibrio anguillarum is a common fish pathogen that causes fatal vibriosis in turbot. It is characterised with superficial ulcers, haemorrhagic septicaemia and blood discharge [98]. This pathogen produces endotoxins and caused massive mortalities of turbots, which leaded to severe economic and aquaculture loss. Even though antibiotics and parasiticides are effective in killing the pathogens, these agents have negative impact on antibiotic resistance and environment. Vaccine can prevent fish infection by eliciting the immune response in fish culture. In order to develop an effective oral vaccine against vibriosis, nanoparticles were formed by electrostatic interaction between negatively charged carboxymethylated chitosan and positively charged chitosan [99]. The extracellular antigens of V. anguillarum were loaded in the nanoparticles and administered to turbots orally. It was reported that the nanocarrier could protect antigen from degradation in the stomach, provided controlled-release effects in the intestine and induced both adaptive and innate immune response by enhancing the activity of lysozyme and compliment in fish serum.
Effect of essential oils on pathogenic and biofilm-forming Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Md. Furkanur Rahaman Mizan, Md. Ashrafudoulla, Md. Iqbal Hossain, Hye-Ran Cho, Sang-Do Ha
Widespread outbreaks of Vibrio spp. infections coupled with antibiotic resistance have led to a growing interest in alternative strategies for preventing vibriosis. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is widely distributed in aquatic environments (e.g. seawater and bottom sediment) and organisms (e.g. crabs and shellfish) and can subsequently be isolated from a variety of seafood, including fish, shrimp, oysters, scallops, and crab. Cases of food poisoning due to V. parahaemolyticus have been reported globally, with Japan, South Korea, and China being some of the worst-affected countries (Su and Liu 2007). In 2016, V. parahaemolyticus was the leading cause of microorganism-associated foodborne diseases in Korea, with 22 outbreaks and 251 confirmed cases (MFDS 2016).
Biofouling in marine aquaculture: a review of recent research and developments
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Jana Bannister, Michael Sievers, Flora Bush, Nina Bloecher
Direct contact with cnidarian biofouling can be harmful to the fish, as organisms bearing nematocysts (stinging cells), such as the hydroid Ectopleura larynx and the anemone Anthothoe albocincta, have the potential to cause gill and skin damage (Baxter et al. 2012; Wybourne 2013; Bloecher, Powell, et al. 2018). In addition, biofouling poses a health risk to cultured fish as it can facilitate and amplify the presence of pathogens by harbouring viral, bacterial, and parasitic organisms that cause various diseases (reviewed in Fitridge et al. 2012). Resuspended faeces of the mussel Mytilus edulis containing the bacterium Vibrio anquillarum can infect cod with vibriosis in nearby cages and cause mortalities (Pietrak et al. 2012). This issue is also concerning for integrated multi trophic aquaculture (IMTA) sites where fish and shellfish are intentionally cultured in close vicinity. Vibriosis bacteria have also been found in biofilms on cage nets in Malaysia, where their abundance correlated with outbreaks of the disease (Albert and Ransangan 2013). The parasitic amoeba responsible for amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon, Paramoeba perurans, is associated with several key biofouling organisms during acute AGD outbreaks, including hydroids, bryozoans, tunicates, and molluscs (Hellebø et al. 2017). Although the amoeba's reservoir between outbreaks is still unknown, biofouling organisms could act as reinfection agents for recently treated or uninfected fish in nearby cages. Finally, other parasites, such as blood flukes (Cardicola spp.) that infect bluefin tuna in Japan, can be found growing on ropes, floats, and frames around cages where their intermediate hosts, terebellid polychaetes, live in balanid shells (Shirakashi and Hirano 2015; Sugihara et al. 2015).