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Micro- and Macroalgae Production in Thailand for Food, Feed and Other Applications
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Apiradee Hongsthong, Ratana Chaiklahan, Boosya Bunnag
Spirulina as feed additives are also wildly used on a commercial scale. Hemtanon et al. (2005) reported that a crude extract from S. platensis can inhibit the growth of the white spot syndrome virus and Vibrio harveyi in the black tiger shrimp. In the case of African sharp-tooth catfish, or Clarias gariepinus, the significant increase in weight gain, the specific growth rate, the average daily growth and the protein conversion rate were observed after it was fed with a 5% Spirulina supplemented diet for 60 days. The red and white blood cell counts, including the immunity of the catfish, were also enhanced (Promya and Chitmanat 2011). Similarly, the carotenoid content of the C. macrocephalus ovary was drastically increased from 1.22 to 3.0 mg/100 g of dry weight in the presence of 10% S. platensis in the diet (Chainapong and Traichaiyaporn 2013).
Antibacterial Activity of Seaweeds and their Extracts
Published in Leonel Pereira, Therapeutic and Nutritional Uses of Algae, 2018
In a study done by Thirunavukkarasu et al. (2014), the main objective was to isolate bioactive molecules from marine seaweed and check the antimicrobial activity against the fish pathogenic bacteria. Based on the disc diffusion method, Sargassum swartzii (formerly Sargassum wightii) showed a better antimicrobial activity than other seaweed extracts. Chloroform extract showed a minimum zone of inhibition (21.33 mm). The acetone extract of S. swartzii produced a maximum zone of inhibition (26 mm) against Vibrio anguillarum. Methanol extract of S. swartzii showed maximum zone of inhibition (32 mm) against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Ethyl acetate extract showed maximum zone of inhibition against Vibrio harveyi (24.66 mm). No zone of inhibition was observed in aqueous extract of all the seaweeds against Vibrio sp.
Profile of Toxic Pufferfish
Published in Ramasamy Santhanam, Biology and Ecology of Toxic Pufferfish, 2017
Toxicity: It contains considerable amounts of PSP toxins (major component, STX) besides tetrodotoxin (TTX). The toxicity has been detected in the liver, intestine, muscle and skin of this species (Egmond et al., 2004). The skin, testes, liver, and ovaries of this species are toxic (Hardy et al., 2014); Tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been detected in the flesh, pectoral fin and kidneys, as well as the skin slime of this species. Vibrio harveyi strains isolated from the skin slime and kidneys of this species were found to produce TTX, being the source of TTX produced in the pufferfish (Cambell et al., 2009). Toxicity symptoms were observed when the bacterial filtrate containing Bacillus spp. (isolated from A. hispidus) was intraperitoneally injected into mice. The bacterial filtrate caused adverse effects on viability of the mouse muscle cell line (L929) and leukemia cell line (P388). Maximum level of inhibition was observed on the growth of L929 cell line. Bacillus lentimorbus inhibited the cell line from 84.03 to 94.43% whereas Bacillus spp. inhibited the growth in a range between 77.25 and 86.16% at the lowest dilution (Bragadeeswaran et al., 2010). Puilingi et al. (2015) reported that the maximum values of TTX toxicity of the skin, liver, ovary, testis, stomach, intestine and flesh of this species (collected from Solomon islands) were 51 μg/g, 7.99 μg/g, 1.89 μg/g, 11.7 μg/g, 9.45 μg/g, 5.45 μg/g and 0.07 μg/g, respectively; and 12.7 μg/g, 0.55 μg/g, 0.37 μg/g, 1.11 μg/g, 2.44 μg/g, 2.05 μg/g and 0.61 μg/g (collected from Japan), respectively.
Quorum sensing inhibitors: a patent review (2014–2018)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2018
Xin Chen, Likun Zhang, Mingxiang Zhang, Huayu Liu, Panrui Lu, Kejiang Lin
Over a 100 Gram-negative bacteria, strains communicate with the engagement of Lux homologs genes [21], with Vibrio harveyi being a classic example [22]. LuxI is an autoinducer synthase that mediates the interaction between S-adenosylmethionine and an acyl carrier protein, leading to the formation of N-(3-Oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone, which functions as an autoinducer [23,24]. LuxR regulate 625 genes and coregulate 77 genes with AphA [25]. AHLs are taken back into the cell and interact with LuxR at a high external concentration. LuxR will be capped from degrading while it is forming, but free LuxR is degraded inside the cell [26]. Moreover, the LuxR-AHL complex can bind to the Lux promoter region and then initiate other QS-regulated functions [27]. LuxO is dephosphorylated by nitric oxide (NO) through a NO-responsive channel, and then feeds into the quorum-sensing system at LuxU (Figure 1) [28]. Additionally, the patents about this system was summarised in Table 3.
Aeromonas hydrophila biofilm, exoprotease, and quorum sensing responses to co-cultivation with diverse foodborne pathogens and food spoilage bacteria on crab surfaces
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Iqbal Kabir Jahid, Md. Furkanur Rahaman Mizan, Jinjong Myoung, Sang-Do Ha
Preliminary experiments were performed to identify the appropriate selective medium for isolating bacteria from dual-cultures. A. hydrophila was selected using thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS) (Oxoid, Hampshire, UK). S. Typhimurium was selected using brilliant green agar (BGA) containing nalidixic acid (20 mg ml−1) and novobiocin (25 mg ml−1) (Jahid et al. 2014). L. monocytogenes was selected from monoculture and dual culture with A. hydrophila using PALCAM selective media (Oxoid). P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens were grown in cetrimide agar and Pseudomonas Agar, respectively. P. carotovorum grown on TSA agar was separated from A. hydrophila based on colony morphology; on TSA agar, A. hydrophila forms opaque colonies, whereas P. carotovorum forms transparent colonies and can be further confirmed by growth on TCBS agar plates. Negative growth on TCBS revealed that the strains were P. carotovorum. PALCAM agar and cetrimide agar plates were incubated at 37 °C for 48 h. TSA, TCBS, BGA, and Pseudomonas Agar plates were incubated at 30 °C for 24 h. The Vibrio harveyi was initially grown in LB medium and luminescence was determined using autoinducer bioassay (AB) medium (Bassler et al. 1993). For the violacein assay, CV026 was grown in LB medium without NaCl.