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Assessment of fetal brain abnormalities
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
It is a congenital malformation of blood vessels of the brain. The main structure is direct arteriovenous fistulas in which blood shunts from choroidal and/or quadrigeminal arteries into an overlying single median venous sac. Vein of Galen aneurysm is not “aneurysm” but “arteriovenous malformation (AVM).” Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGAM) is a choroidal type of AVM involving the vein of Galen forerunner. This is distinct from an AVM with venous drainage into a dilated, but already formed, vein of Galen (57). Associated anomalies are cardiomegaly, high cardiac output, secondary hydrocephalus, macrocrania, cerebral ischemia (intracranial steal phenomenon), and subarachnoid/cerebral/intraventricular hemorrhages. The 3D B-flow detection, color Doppler image, and MRI of VGAM are shown in Figure 9.
The outcome of the vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation cases diagnosed prenatally
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Gurcan Turkyilmaz, Resul Arisoy, Sebnem Turkyilmaz, Emre Erdogdu, Altug Semiz
Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGAM) is a rare foetal anomaly of which the natural history is not understood completely. It composes to 30% of intracranial vascular malformations among paediatric patients (Long et al. 1974). VGAM results from a connection between the primitive choroidal vessels and Markowski’s median prosencephalic vein between 6 and 11 weeks of pregnancy. Under normal circumstances, the median prosencephalic vein regress during embryogenesis before 11 weeks of gestation. The abnormal shunt inhibits this involution process and leads to Galen's vein (Raybaud et al. 1989). VGAM causes hyperdynamic circulation and volume overload, triggering cardiomegaly, hydrops fetalis and even foetal death (Sepulveda et al. 1995).
Review on the current treatment status of vein of Galen malformations and future directions in research and treatment
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Panagiotis Primikiris, Georgios Hadjigeorgiou, Maria Tsamopoulou, Alessandra Biondi, Christina Iosif
Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VOGMs) are rare, congenital, high-flow, intracranial vascular disorders accounting for about 1% of all pediatric congenital anomalies [1,2]. VOGM is located in the subarachnoid space in the choroid fissure and embryologically related to the development of the choroid plexus. It is defined as arteriovenous shunts draining to the embryonic precursor of the vein of Galen, called median prosencephalic vein (MProsV) of Markowski and are further sub-classified into choroidal and the mural types [3]. VOGMs result from abnormal morphogenesis of the choroidal vasculature, between the eighth and eleventh weeks of gestation [4].
Measurement of Fetal Mesencephalon and Pons Via Ultrasonographic Cross Sectional Imagining
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2018
Ruiqi Yang, Rui Li, Xuejuan Liu, Limei Fan, Jialing Zhang, Libo Wang, Hong Teng
The vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations are intracranial arteriovenous malformations, often showing hydrocephalus, hydrops and intracranial hemorrhage (10). Prenatal diagnosis can be achieved by real-time and Doppler sonography with color flow imaging (11). We observed a vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation, whose MAD, MTD, PAD, and PTD values fell below the 95% confidence interval lower limit for the corresponding GA.