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Evolution of Herpes Simplex Viruses
Published in Marie Studahl, Paola Cinque, Tomas Bergström, Herpes Simplex Viruses, 2017
Rory J. Bowden, Duncan J. McGeoch
Four major lineages are recognized in the Alphaherpesvirinae. Two of these are populated sparsely and exclusively by avian viruses, namely Mardivirus (α3) and Iltovirus (α4). It has been speculated that these two genera arose by way of interspecies transfers of early alphaherpesviruses, most likely from mammals to birds. The mammalian viruses in the subfamily lie in a clade with the avian virus lineages as outgroups, and with two genera, Simplexvirus (α1) and Varicellovirus (α2). The main lineages within the Alphaherpesvirinae are expanded in Figure 2.
Tea Polyphenolic Compounds against Herpes Simplex Viruses
Published in Satya Prakash Gupta, Cancer-Causing Viruses and Their Inhibitors, 2014
Tin-Chun Chu, Sandra D. Adams, Lee H. Lee
The Herpesviridae family contains more than 100 different herpesviruses that infect a multitude of host organisms, including fish, birds, horses, and humans. Herpesviruses are further classified into three subfamilies: Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae, and Gammaherpesvirinae. HSV types 1 and 2 (human herpesvirus 1 and 2, or HHV-1 and -2) are members of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, Simplexvirus genus. The other genus in the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily is the Varicellovirus genus that also includes varicella zoster virus (HHV-3) that causes chicken pox and shingles. This subfamily is distinguished by its short reproductive cycle, rapid spread, destruction of host cells, and by establishing its latent cycle (Mettenleiter et al. 2009; Roizman and Baines 1991).
Herpes Simplex Virus and Human CNS Infections
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Daniel Růžek, Neuroviral Infections, 2013
Marcela Kúdelová, Július Rajčáni
To date, more than 100 herpesviruses that infect vertebrates are known. Her-pesviruses have been divided into three subfamilies: alpha, beta, and gamma. The eight known herpesviruses of humans can be referred to as human herpesviruses (HHVs) 1 through 8 as designated by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (Davison et al. 2005; Roizman et al. 1981) (Table 7.1). Older names for HHV-1—HSV-1—and HHV-2—HSV-2—are still in common use and are used below. Alphaherpesviruses have a broad host range infecting a wide variety of cultured cells or experimental animals. They spread rapidly in cultured cells with a short reproductive cycle and efficiently destroy infected epithelial and fibroblastic cells. In their natural host, latent infections are established usually in sensory neurons and lytic infection often occurs in epidermal cells. The human viruses belong to two genera, Simplexvirus (HSV-1, HSV-2) and Varicellovirus (HHV-3—Varicellazoster virus [VZV]). Classification has been based on biological properties, but as more sequence data become available, these data are also used. Serotypes HSV-1 and HSV-2 share about 50% sequence identity and produce a similar disease, but usually infect different parts of the body. HSV-1 infects the facial area, whereas HSV-2 infects the genital area. Because of the relative ease of experimental manipulation, HSV has been intensively studied as a model for the entire group of herpesviruses.
The Role of Nervous System and Immune System in Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Dissemination and Laterality – Current Views
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Yue Li, Louis Tong, Chrystie Quek, Yun Feng
VZV is a neurotropic human alphaherpesvirus of the genus Varicellovirus that exhibits the following characteristics: (a) the virus gains entry into the peripheral nervous system (PNS) through the skin and mucous membranes during the primary infection; (b) the same distribution of skin is involved in both primary and recurrent infections; (c) in immunocompetent patients, the reactivated virus typically does not spread beyond the boundaries of the dermatome(s) supplied by the nerves of one infected dorsal root ganglion; and (d) the primary infection occurs in the first two to 3 years of life while the reactivated infection may occur later at any time.15,16