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Infections of the larynx
Published in Declan Costello, Guri Sandhu, Practical Laryngology, 2015
Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is a notifiable disease that is vaccinated against in the UK and other developed countries at 2, 3 and 4 months of age. This vaccination programme has had a dramatic effect on the numbers of patients infected.26B. pertussis is a gramnegative, aerobic coccobacillus whose effects are a result of both endo- and exotoxin production. Once adherent to a pulmonary epithelial cell it produces a tracheal cytotoxin, stopping the cilia from beating. Unable to clear pulmonary debris, the affected patient has coughing fits. This spreads the bacteria in aerosolised, droplet form.
The role of bactericidal and opsonic activity in immunity against Bordetella pertussis
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Pascal Blanc, Yuanqing Liu, Nathalie Reveneau, Breeze Cavell, Andrew Gorringe, Geneviève Renauld-Mongénie
To survive within the host and overcome opsonophagocytosis, B. pertussis has evolved evasion strategies. The recruitment of neutrophils signaled by B. pertussis LOS is suggested to be suppressed by PT [70]. Passive immunization with PT neutralizing antibodies has been shown to prevent this impairment in neutrophil recruitment in a murine infection model, thereby decreasing the bacteria load in the respiratory tract [70]. B. pertussis also produces several other virulence factors known to negatively affect the neutrophil activity. Evidence suggests that tracheal cytotoxin (TCT) prevents neutrophil migration [84]. Adenylate cyclase toxin, another toxin released by B. pertussis, inhibits the function of neutrophils and other phagocytes by decreasing Fc receptor mediated phagocytosis and superoxide generation, and therefore bacterial killing [3,85,86]. Fimbriae too can bind to neutrophils although the functional effect of this binding is yet to be elucidated [87].
Novel approaches to reactivate pertussis immunity
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Even if we do not have a good correlate of immune protection after vaccination, we now better understand the mechanisms leading to protection against B. pertussis. First, it is now clear that the native bacteria produce a number of toxins, such as pertussis toxin (PT), tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), heat-labile toxin, and endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and a range of other critical receptor-binding virulence factors, including filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin (PRN), and fimbriae. All these components are antigenic targets that activate innate cells, and adaptive cells.
Bordetella pertussis and outer membrane vesicles
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Çiğdem Yılmaz Çolak, Burcu Emine Tefon Öztürk
During disease, filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and fimbriae (FIM) allow bacteria to attach to ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea, while pertactin (PRN), serum resistance protein (BrkA), and tracheal colonization factor (TCF) act as autotransporters [47]. The toxins that cause damage to ciliated epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages, followed by lymphocytosis, are pertussis toxin (PT), adenylate cyclase-hemolysin (AC-Hly), tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), and lipooligosaccharide (LOS) layer.