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Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Toxic shock syndrome is caused by a toxin released by certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus that contain a lysogenic phage. Although the syndrome has been associated with use of tampons, it also occurs with infection wi th S. aureus at other sites, especially in surgical wounds. The syndrome is essentially an intoxication as the organism grows in some isolated site and elaborates toxin there. The disease occurs when the toxin diffuses into the surrounding tissues; the organisms seldom invade the tissue however. The condition assumed prominence with the introduction of a new type of highly absorbent tampons. These tampons were sufficiently absorbent that they did not need changing for many hours. The prolonged retention of the blood and secretion soaked tampon provided opportunity for the organisms to grow and elaborate toxin. Surgical wounds also provide sites for microbial growth, for example, around stitches or in gauze or other types of drains which remain in the wounds for fairly long periods.
Diagnostic Approach to Rash and Fever in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Lee S. Engel, Charles V. Sanders, Fred A. Lopez
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is characterized by sudden onset of fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle aches, and rash. It can rapidly progress to severe hypotension and multi-organ dysfunction. The overall case fatality rate is 5%.
Feminine Hygiene Considerations for the Space Environment
Published in Diana L. Taylor, Nancy F. Woods, Menstruation, Health, and Illness, 2019
In considering whether to use tampons in space, the space program has to review an aspect of the tampon that relates to product use and women’s health. The use of tampons was regarded as a harmless practice until the Center for Disease Control (CDC) issued warnings identified with the use of tampons as a risk factor in Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) (Reame, 1983). Whereas the role of tampons as a cause of TSS is not clear, certain guidelines for use are standard information with tampon packaging (Tambrands, Inc., 1988). Women are advised on the tampon’s absorbency and change needs of at least every 6 hours. Handwashing before inserting tampons is recommended. However, there is no information known to the author that demonstrates the women’s adherence to these guidelines.
Persistent Streptococcus pyogenes infection of the forearm following blunt trauma
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2020
Erin M. Cravez, Adam Y. Nasreddine, Andrea Halim
Infectious disease and orthopedic surgery were consulted. His compilation of symptoms were concerning for toxic shock syndrome. LRINEC score was calculated to be 7 given the lab work summarized in Table 1. After discussion with the family regarding his forearm as a potential source of infection, he underwent an MRI with contrast which demonstrated diffuse subcutaneous edema in the forearm and bony edema in the proximal ulna, possibly consistent with his recent checking injury. Radiology felt there was no evidence of myositis or necrotizing fasciitis. After completion of 24 h of IV antibiotics, his abdominal complaints improved but he had minimal systemic improvement and increasing erythema of the arm as well as a new vesicular rash on the medial left arm (Figure 2). After discussion with the patient and his parents, he was taken emergently to the operating room for irrigation and debridement of the left forearm approximately 36 h after hospital presentation.
A Comparison of the Menstrual Cup and the Intrauterine Device: Attitudes and Future Intentions
Published in Women's Reproductive Health, 2019
Jessica M. Milne, Jessica L. Barnack-Tavlaris
The menstrual cup is an alternative to the more commonly used pads and tampons. Tampons and pads are the norm in many countries around the world including, but not limited to, the U.S., U.K., France, and Germany (NonWovens Industry, 2016). In one study conducted with a national U.S. sample, researchers found that 62% of women reported use of pads, and 42% reported use of tampons (percentages include women who reported using both products; Branch, Woodruff, Mitro, & Zota, 2015). Although pads and tampons are the more popular products, they are not without physical, financial, and environmental drawbacks. For instance, because tampons are absorbent, they can deprive the body of fluids needed to maintain a regular pH level and, in rare cases, can cause toxic shock syndrome (TSS; DeVries et al., 2011). A study of surveillance data in the U.S. state of Minnesota revealed an annual menstrual TSS incidence rate of 1.41 per 100,000 among girls and women aged 13 to 24 (.69 were menstrual cases in women of all age groups; DeVries et al., 2011). In addition, a significant amount of money is spent each year (e.g., a personal average of $120 USD) on pads and tampons, and the disposable nature of these products has a negative impact on landfills (Schumacher, 2014).
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in a returning traveller
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2019
Stéphanie Note, Patrick Soentjens, Marie Van Laer, Philippe Meert, Peter Vanbrabant
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a severe illness resulting in multi-organ failure and even lethal outcome if not recognized and treated in an early stage. TSS is located at the end of a spectrum of diseases most frequently caused by the toxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus [GAS]) [1,2]. This case report focusses on streptococcal TSS and the importance of raising a red flag of suspicion for necrotizing fasciitis at appearance of purpura and extensive pains.