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Role of Plant-Based Bioflavonoids in Combating Tuberculosis
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Assessment of Medicinal Plants for Human Health, 2020
Alka Pawar, Yatendra Kumar Satija
Streptomycin was the first antibiotic employed for the tuberculosis therapy and it belongs to aminocyclitol glycoside class. It was originally extracted from Streptomyces griseus bacteria. It binds to 16S rRNA and thereby targets the initiation step of protein translation as well as translation proofreading.4 Mutations in the 16S rRNA and ribosomal protein S12 genes are correlated to the streptomycin resistance in MTB.70
The Americas
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
In 1944 Selman Waksman and his colleagues at the Agricultural College of Rutgers University discovered streptomycin. Waksman, a Russian-born American citizen, and his team tested over 10 000 cultures of Streptomyces griseus obtained from soil samples and eventually specimens taken from a chicken run were found to destroy bacteria, spirochetes and the tuberculosis bacterium, the active principle being streptomycin. Waksman was a Nobel Prize winner in 1952 (Lyons and Petrucelli, 1987).
Diversity of Endophytes and Biotechnological Potential
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Daiani Cristina Savi, Chirlei Glienke
The search for interesting biological activity from microorganisms has been the basis for the development of several biotechnological applications, mainly in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries (Vitorino and Bessa, 2017). The most promising compounds in the clinic for treatment of bacterial infections were isolated from microorganisms, such as penicillin isolated from Penicillium digitatum (Laich et al., 2002); vancomycin produced by Streptomyces orientalis (Levine, 2006); streptomycin isolated from Streptomyces griseus and erythromycin produced by Saccharopolyspora erythraea (Donadio et al., 1996), among several others. Besides the high exploration of microorganisms for active compounds in the past, studies have shown that unknown species and genetically different strains are still abundant in nature, and natural products remain the most promising source for new compounds (Monciardini et al., 2014).
Bacteria and fungi as major bio-sources to fabricate silver nanoparticles with antibacterial activities
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Also, there are several fungi and bacteria sources having natural antibiotics metabolites. In the case of fungi, griseofulvin and cephalosporin antibiotics produced by the mycelium of Penicillium griseofulvum and Acremonium chrysogenum, respectively [20]. In the case of bacteria, Streptomyces hygroscopicus, Saccharopolyspora erythraea related to Actinomycete, Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces aureofaciens, and Amycolatopsis orientalis are used to produce geldanamycin, erythromycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and vancomycin antibiotics, respectively [21,22]. It is worth noting that the phylum Actinobacteria specifically the genus Streptomyces can produce ~80% of the most antibiotics [23]. Physicochemical properties and chemical structures of important secondary metabolites extracted from bacteria and fungi are presented in Table 1, respectively.
Protease resistance of ex vivo amyloid fibrils implies the proteolytic selection of disease-associated fibril morphologies
Published in Amyloid, 2021
Jonathan Schönfelder, Peter Benedikt Pfeiffer, Tejaswini Pradhan, Johan Bijzet, Bouke P. C. Hazenberg, Stefan O. Schönland, Ute Hegenbart, Bernd Reif, Christian Haupt, Marcus Fändrich
Since all above findings are based on a single protease (proteinase K), we additionally tested several samples with pronase E. We previously found with ex vivo and in vitro fibrils from murine SAA1.1 protein that ex vivo fibrils are more protease stable than in vitro fibrils irrespective of whether we used proteinase K, pronase E, leucine aminopeptidase or carboxypeptidease A [18]. Pronase E is a mixture of different proteases from Streptomyces griseus [31]. We find that all samples of ex vivo amyloid fibrils (human AA, murine AA and human ATTRG47D patient ATTR-H03) are highly pronase E stable (Figure 4), while the majority of the tested in vitro formed fibrils (human SAA1.1, α-synuclein, SEVI, α-crystallin and glucagon) become rapidly degraded under these conditions (Figure 4). Only the sample containing α-lactalbumin fibrils was resistant to digestion with pronase E (Figure 4), corroborating our observations with proteinase K (Figure 3, Figure S3). In conclusion, in vitro fibrils are usually more protease sensitive than ex vivo fibrils.
Updated considerations in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis infection and disease: integrating the latest evidence-based strategies
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Daniel S. Graciaa, Marcos Coutinho Schechter, Krystle B. Fetalvero, Lisa Marie Cranmer, Russell R. Kempker, Kenneth G. Castro
Modern day treatment of TB with antimicrobial agents dates to 1943, when Albert Schatz, Elizabeth Bugie, and Selman Waxman reported the isolation of streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus [7]. This agent was found to have broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and later observed to inhibit growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). By 1945, the benefit of streptomycin (SM) against TB was established in clinical trials and soon combined with para-amino salicylic acid (PAS), also discovered in 1945. With the introduction of isoniazid (INH) in 1952, clinical trials for people with TB included the treatment regimen consisting of INH, SM, and PAS. The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and British Medical Research Council (BMRC) launched a series of randomized controlled clinical trials over the next three decades which incorporated newer anti-TB agents, such as ethambutol (EMB), pyrazinamide (PZA), and rifampicin (RIF) to establish the safety and efficacy of modern-day recommended six-month regimens consisting of INH, PZA, RIF, and EMB for people with drug-susceptible TB disease [8]. Another lesson gained from these various trials was the crucial role for drug combinations with activity against TB to attain cure and prevent the selection of drug-resistant strains of Mtb. In more recent years, the introduction and demonstrated effectiveness of other repurposed and new drugs with anti-TB activity – such as rifapentine, linezolid, fluoroquinolones, clofazimine, bedaquiline, delamanid, and pretomanid have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of new combination regimens for the treatment of people with drug-susceptible and drug-resistant forms of TB [9]. The following sections will elaborate on the latest developments and extant recommendations for the optimal treatment of people with TB.