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Oral Health
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Ana Moura Teles, José Manuel Cabeda
During the first months of life, species of Streptococcus are usually the first pioneering microorganisms to colonize the oral cavity with Streptococcus salivarius found mostly on the tongue dorsum and in saliva, Streptococcus mitis on the buccal mucosa, and Streptococcus sanguinis on the teeth (Socransky and Manganiello 1971; Gibbons and Houte 1975; Smith et al. 1993). The establishment of these herald microorganisms implies local ecological transformations, namely, local redox potential, pH, co-aggregation, and availability of nutrients, thereby enabling more fastidious organisms to colonize after them (Marsh 2000). As a result, we can see the appearance of Prevotellam elaninogenica, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Veillonella, Neisseria, and nonpigmented Prevotella (Kononen et al. 1992). Latter, the appearance of teeth surfaces (and with it, the gingival crevice) leads to increases of genera such as Leptotrichia, Campylobacter, Prevotelladenticola, and members of the Fusobacterium and Selenomonas genera (Kononen et al. 1994).
How Bacteria Cause Disease
Published in Keith Struthers, Clinical Microbiology, 2017
The antibodies produced to the cell wall M protein of the streptococcus cross-react with antigenic determinants on the vascular endothelium of the host. The heart valves are the most important anatomical sites affected, as the high flow rate and turbulence around the valves means the complement deposition and the resulting inflammatory response is likely to cause structural damage to the valve. The healing process results in a thickened and abnormal valve (Figure 2.28). Any subsequent damage to the endothelium by turbulence will result in the deposition of platelets and fibrin. Oral streptococci such as Streptococcus salivarius entering the blood following, for example, manipulation of the teeth by dentistry, may settle in these deposits and initiate the process of infective endocarditis.
Chronic exposure to ampicillin alters lung microbial composition in laboratory rat
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2023
Ping Chen, Tingting Hu, Haonan Jiang, Bing Li, Guiying Li, Pixin Ran, Yumin Zhou
Disturbance of the microbial diversity and stability has been shown to correlate with immunologic, diverse metabolic, and inflammatory disorders.12 Antibiotic exposure can alter the microbiota and is linked to the development and progression of disease. Most of the microbiome studies have focused on the gut microbiome and have examined the effects of various antibiotics on gut microbiota,13–16 yet lung microbiome study is still in its infancy and facing a series of critical challenges.17 Aerosolization and nasal sprays are efficient and noninvasive methods to deliver molecules such as antibiotics to the specific body sites.18 In humans, inhaled antibiotics have been used to treat critical lung infections,19 and nasal spray antibiotics have been reported to prevent acute otitis caused by Streptococcus salivarius in children.20 And therefore they represent a strategy to locally and efficiently modify the lung microbiota that could limit the exposure of other organs in the body. Ampicillin is the common clinical antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. Indications include respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis, salmonellosis, and endocarditis. It can also be used to prevent group B streptococcal infection in newborns.
Effect of a bacteriocin-producing Streptococcus salivarius on the pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum in a model of the human distal colon
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Garreth W. Lawrence, Niamh McCarthy, Calum J. Walsh, Tais M. Kunyoshi, Elaine M. Lawton, Paula M. O’Connor, Máire Begley, Paul D. Cotter, Caitriona M. Guinane
The genus Streptococcus comprises some health-promoting members including strains of the species Streptococcus salivarius. These health-promoting attributes have been identified in the S. salivarius M1822 strain and the commercially available bacteriocin-producing S. salivarius K12 strain. S. salivarius K12 exerts narrow-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes,23 an oral pathogen associated with many oral pathologies including pharyngitis. S. salivarius K12 has shown promise for the treatment of oral streptococcal diseases in numerous clinical trials24 and may also have health benefits at other body sites.25 On the basis of this evidence, there is merit in investigating the application of other S. salivarius strains for health promoting purposes. Here, we screened fecal samples of healthy donors and isolated a potential bacteriocin-producing probiotic designated S. salivarius DPC6993 with antimicrobial activity against F. nucleatum. Then, we investigated the impact of S. salivarius DPC6993 on F. nucleatum in an ex vivo model of the human colon.
Effect of xylitol tablets with and without red propolis on salivary parameters, dental biofilm and sensory acceptability of adolescents: a randomized crossover clinical trial
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Mariana Leonel Martins, Amanda Souza Nunes Monteiro, Thiago Isidro Vieira, Maria Bárbara de Carvalho Torres Guimarães, Letícia Coli Louvisse de Abreu, Lucio Mendes Cabral, Yuri Wanderley Cavalcanti, Lucianne Cople Maia, Andréa Fonseca-Gonçalves
The values of the total and mean weight of the biofilm were analyzed, before and after tablet consumption, and both groups were similar (p > 0.05). The biofilm samples presented a reduction in microbial variability after the consumption of both tablets, but the same pattern was not observed with the saliva samples, as there was no microbial reduction in any group. The most frequent bacterial species in the biofilm samples, before and after tablet consumption, were Rothia dentocariosa and Streptococcus sanguinis. Whereas in the saliva, Streptococcus salivarius and Staphylococcus aureus were the most prevalent bacteria (Figures 2 and 3).