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Preservative efficacy testing of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and toiletries and its imitations
Published in R. M. Baird, S. F. Bloomfield, Microbial quality assurance in cosmetics, toiletries and non-sterile Pharmaceuticals, 2017
This confirmed that the target criteria provide a reliable alternative basis to the more stringent BP 1980 guidelines for assessment of preservative efficacy. The poor reliability of the minimum criteria was highlighted by the high level (103–105 ml−1), but low incidence (1%) of in-use contamination with the ocular pathogen Staphylococcus hominis which was restricted to formulations containing the slow-acting preservative thiomersal. These passed the minimum criteria, but failed the target criteria (see Table 12.3). This questions the validity of the USP proposals (Anon. 1995b) which are less stringent than the minimum requirements (viz. log 3 bacterial reduction in 14 days against 7 days) as a reliable basis for prediction of adequacy of preservation.
Microbiological diagnosis: The human endometrial microbiome—Endometritis
Published in Carlos Simón, Linda C. Giudice, The Endometrial Factor, 2017
Inmaculada Moreno, Carlos Simón
It is critical that the isolation of pathogens in the endometrium or endometrial fluid be the standard for CE diagnosis. Common bacteria like Corynebacterium, Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, G. vaginalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus morganii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolitycus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus simulans, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus α-haemolyticus, Streptococcus milleri, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus viridans; pathogenic bacteria such as N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, and U. urealyticum; and yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida ciferrii, and Candida tropicalis are all likely to be found in endometrial samples (83,84). The most prevalent infectious agents responsible for CE are Gram-negative bacteria from the intestinal flora (E. coli and E. faecalis) (accounting for 31.1% of the identified bacteria), Streptococcus and Staphylococcus spp. (38.1%), Mycoplasma spp. and U. urealyticum (11%), C. trachomatis (3%), G. vaginalis, and N. gonorrhoeae (depending on the population analyzed). Nonetheless, the mere presence of infectious agents in the uterine cavity does not necessarily lead to CE, and it will be useful to determine the identity or pathogenicity and minimum amount of each pathogen that may establish an endometrial infection.
Selective Antimicrobial Agents from Terrestrial Plants A Hope in the Battle of Infection
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Fadia S. Youssef, Mohamed L. Ashour
Phytochemical studies of C. serratum leaf ethanol extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, carbohydrates, proteins, carbonate and glycoside. The antimicrobial potential was determined in vitro by using the disk diffusion technique. This was evaluated against Pseudomonas putida, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus hominis, Bacillus subtilis and Proteus vulgaris. The results revealed that Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli as Gram-negative in addition to Staphylococcus hominis, Proteus vulgaris and Bacillus subtilis as Gram-positive bacteria are highly susceptible to the antimicrobial effect of the extract displaying zones of inhibition of 10 and 23 mm against the Gram-negative, respectively and ranging 10–20 mm versus Gram-positive bacteria that is concentration dependant (Kajaria et al. 2012). Furthermore, different extracts of C. serratum displayed antifungal, antibacterial and anti-tuberculosis activity due to various metabolites, which are alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenol in both chloroform and methanol extracts. While terpenoids and saponins are present in methanol extract, steroids were predominant in chloroform extract only. Cleroflavone (27), scutellarein (28), queretaroic acid (29), apigenin (30), serratagenic acid (31), β-sitosterol (17) as well as D-mannitol (32), verbascoside (25), oleanolic acid (33), hispidulin (34), cholestanol (35), clerosterol (36), campesterol (37) and 24-ethyl cholesterol (38) are among the predominant components in C. serratum. An additional study was conducted to ascertain the antimicrobial effect of different extracts of C. serratum against pathogenic organisms listed above. n-Hexane leaf extract at a 100 mg/mL concentration exerts a promising antimicrobial against all the examined organisms activity, particularly Bacillus subtilis showing a zone of inhibition of 20 mm. In contrast, Pseudomonas putida was the least susceptible to the antimicrobial effect of the extract, with a zone of inhibition of 17.1 mm. In comparison, at a concentration of 25 mg/mL, n-hexane leaf extract showed the higher inhibition towards Escherichia coli, recording a zone of inhibition of 3.62 mm, whereas it recorded the minimum inhibition against Pseudomonas putida with a zone of inhibition of 2.5 mm (Singh et al. 2012; Patel et al. 2014).
Calculated inflammatory markers derived from complete blood count results, along with routine laboratory and clinical data, predict treatment failure of acute peritonitis in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Dan Zhou, Huibin Yang, Li Zeng, Wei Yang, Fujia Guo, Wenting Cui, Cong Chen, Jiayao Zhao, Shuran Wu, Ning Yang, Hongli Lin, Anchun Yin, Longkai Li
Baseline characteristics are presented in Table 1. The median age was 58.44 (IQR, 42.39–69.11) years, and 57 patients (58.76%) were males in the success group. The median age was 57.71 (IQR, 49.24–71.09) years, and 24 patients (58.54%) were males in the failure group. No significant differences were observed in age and gender between the two groups. However, there was a significant difference between the success and failure groups in the PD vintage (23.10 months, IQR, 8.80–46.47 vs. 30.57 months, IQR, 14.30–56.57, p = .016). Regarding the etiology of ESRD, we analyzed diabetic nephropathy, chronic glomerulonephritis, benign arteriolar nephrosclerosis, and other diseases. No significant differences were found between the two groups. According to culture results, there were 45 (32.61%) episodes with Gram-positive organisms, 31 (22.46%) episodes with Gram-negative organisms, 7 (5.07%) episodes with fungus, and 55 (39.86%) episodes with negative cultures. There were no significant differences between the two groups except for the culture-negative peritonitis (45, 46.39% vs. 10, 24.39%, p = .022). All the episodes with different strains have also been analyzed, including Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus auricularis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No significant statistical difference was found between the success and failure groups except for Staphylococcus aureus (4, 11.76% vs. 5, 45.45%, p = .028).
Dysbiosis in Takayasu arteritis complicated with infectious endocarditis following tocilizumab administration
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2023
T Shirai, H Sato, T Ishii, H Fujii
The second patient was a 39-year-old woman with a 15 year history of TAK, who had undergone total arch replacement and AVR. TCZ had been initiated 3 years previously, when she was treated with 12 mg/day of PSL, 100 mg/day of cyclosporine A, and 6 mg/week of MTX. PSL was gradually tapered to 7 mg/day. Annual evaluation with CT revealed a soft tissue mass below the biological valve (Figure 1B), without any symptoms or inflammatory findings. Although thrombi were first suspected, anticoagulation therapy was ineffective. The blood culture was positive for Staphylococcus hominis in one sample, and IE was suspected. Because antibiotics did not improve her condition, AVR was performed. Intraoperative findings showed white vegetation between the non-coronary cusp and the left coronary cusp. The postoperative course was favourable, and she was discharged 2 months after admission.
Presumed Microbial Keratitis Cases Resulting in Evisceration and Enucleation in Sydney, Australia
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Maria Cabrera-Aguas, Pauline Khoo, Stephanie L. Watson
Thirty-three corneal scrapes were performed in 30 patients. Three were repeat scrapings. Culture positivity rate of corneal scrapes was 72% (n = 24/33). Twenty-eight organisms were identified, 26 (93%) bacteria and 2 (7%) fungi. Half of the bacteria were Gram-positive organisms (Table 3). Polymicrobial infection was detected in four corneal scrapings. Fusarium spp. and Corynebacterium amycolatum were noted in one sample. A combination of two bacteria was found in three samples (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); Staphylococcus warneri and Staphylococcus epidermidis; and Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus hominis). The predominant Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms were the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) group (6 of 28, 21%) with Staphylococcus epidermidis as the predominant species (n = 3) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9 of 27, 32%), respectively (Table 3).