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Scheme for Investigating Cases of Death due to Traumatic Injuries
Published in Paul T. Jayaprakash, Crime Scene Investigation and Reconstruction, 2023
These are bloodstain patterns that still retain the original shape and size although they had been subjected to disturbances such as wiping due to mechanical forces. Once deposited, blood will usually begin to dry, commencing from the outer perimeter and then proceeding inward toward the center of the stain. When the stain is undisturbed, its shape is retained as such (arrow in Figure 5.41). When the stain is rubbed out prior to completion of the drying process, the inner wet portion would be wiped out first while the perimeter that had already dried would form a characteristically patterned stain (arrows in Figure 5.42). This process is termed skeletonization, and the resulting stains are referred to as skeletonized stains. The blood drops illustrated were found in the vicinity of the clot in Figure 5.40, and the skeletonized patterns had been caused due to dragging the victim’s body over the blood drops that had dried partially.
Human Skeletal Remains
Published in Cristoforo Pomara, Vittorio Fineschi, Forensic and Clinical Forensic Autopsy, 2020
Francesco Sessa, Dario Piombino-Mascali, Nicholas Márquez-Grant, Luigi Cipolloni, Cristoforo Pomara
Forensic anthropology rarely is able to provide an identification, but there are some exceptions (Ubelaker et al. 2019; De Boer et al. 2020). DNA analysis represents the gold standard method to identify subjects. The success of forensic DNA analysis is strictly related to the changes that occur after death (Higgins and Austin, 2013). Generally, to obtain DNA profiling from all the tissue types of the body, the choice is naturally related to the state of preservation (Dettmeyer et al., 2014). The buccal swab or blood sample is usually taken from a recently deceased individual as in living subjects; but DNA analysis could become complex with regard to skeletal remains. Usually, when a corpse is found in an advanced state of decomposition, such as in the case of incomplete skeletonization, samples should be taken from the compact long bones, as well as (preferably intact) teeth, and mitochondrial DNA analysis may have to be performed (Hagelberg et al., 1991; Jeffreys et al., 1992; Draus-Barini et al., 2013).
Forensic Anthropological Contributions to Manner of Death in a Case of Multiple Suicidal Gunshot Wounds
Published in Heather M. Garvin, Natalie R. Langley, Case Studies in Forensic Anthropology, 2019
Postmortem modifications were evident on the remains. The skeletal elements had a medium to dark brown coloration with small portions of adherent tissue, particularly at or within joint surfaces. Small amounts of desiccated tissue were present on the femora, tibiae, fibulae, and humeri. Soft tissue has been noted to persist in the Midwest region after one year; however, this depends on season of deposition, animal scavenging, insect activity, and a variety of other factors (Dirkmaat et al., 2014). Little to no evidence of carnivore damage or animal scavenging was evident on these remains, perhaps explained by the date of deposition and subsequent recovery. The degree of skeletonization and lack of soft tissue was consistent with a postmortem interval of approximately one year in an outdoor wooded location before discovery in December.
Pedicled or skeletonized bilateral internal mammary artery harvesting - a meta- analysis and trial sequential analysis
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2021
Sashini Iddawela, Sophie L Mellor, Syeda Anum Zahra, Yuti Khare, Amer Harky
Skeletonization of the IMA favors an increased graft length and size and is the recommended technique of harvesting for patients at high risk of sternal wound infection as per the recent ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization [19]. Despite total arterial revascularization (TAR) during CABG proving long-term clinical benefits in terms of graft patency and survival [20,21], the use of BIMA to facilitate this in patients has not enjoyed widespread uptake. A key concern hindering the widespread adoption of BIMA grafting is the higher risk of SWI, due to increased dissection and devascularization. Skeletonization is a technique that preserves sternal wall vasculature as much as possible, thereby reducing the risk of SWI and post-operative blood loss. Despite the conventional pedicled approach being a well-known independent predictor of SWI [22], the literature to date cannot reach a consensus regarding the risk of SWI with S-BIMA, with a higher proportion of research focusing on skeletonization of single IMA demonstrating a reduction in the incidence of postoperative SWI [23]. Nevertheless, De Paulis et al. found a lower incidence of SWI amongst the S-BIMA group compared to the P-BIMA group; however, this was not statistically significant [13]. In contrast, this systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated the superiority of skeletonization in reducing SWI. Trial sequential analysis reinforced this result, affirming adequacy of sample and information size. Notably, this result was still present when TSA was conducted only with studies judged to be at low risk of bias.
Morphometric evaluation of Japanese quail embryos and their extraembryonic vascular networks exposed to low-frequency magnetic field with two different intensities
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2020
Edbhergue Ventura Lola Costa, Victor Felipe da Silva Araújo, Ana Paula Pereira Santos, Romildo de Albuquerque Nogueira
The YSM vascular networks were photographed at 72 h of incubation with 40 times magnification by a digital camera (Model DSC-W230, Sony, San Diego, CA, USA) attached to a stereomicroscope (Model TIM 2B, Opton, Brasil). The images obtained were of the region that has as reference a vitellinic vessel (Figure 1(c)), with considerable caliber, that distances from the embryo passing under its head and reaching the edge of the YSM. The branching of this larger vessel and the adjacent vascular sprouts allowed the vasculogenesis and angiogenesis of YSM to be evaluated. The images (1920x1080 pixels) of the blood vascularization (Figure 1(c)) were skeletonized (Figure 1(d)) by the Paint program (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) generating binary images for later fractal analysis. The skeletonization is a process that consists of separating blood vessels from the background in which the vessels are contained, considering a single diameter for all vessels in the network.