China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Poverty and deprivation
Published in Richard Lawson, Jonathon Porritt, Bills of Health, 2018
Richard Lawson, Jonathon Porritt
Other infections are also associated with deprivation. Typhoid incidence is higher in deprived areas, as is Shigella sonnei dysentery. The health cost of this form of dysentery has been estimated to be £40 311 for 144 confirmed cases of dysentery.23 Extrapolating to the 9830 cases that occurred in England and Wales in 1993 gives a total cost of £2 751 786. The incidence of Shigella sonnei dysentery has risen fourfold in two years.
S
Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Shigella The first of these bacteria, the Shigella shigae group, was described by Kiyoshi Shiga (1870–1957), a Japanese microbiologist, in 1898. Another causative organism of dysentery, Shigella flexneri, was discovered by Simon Flexner (1863–1946), an American bacteriologist from Louisville, Kentucky who was the first director of the Rockefeller Institute, in 1900. Shigella sonnei, a lactose-fermenting organism and the least pathogenic species, was isolated in Denmark by Carl Olaf Sonne (1882–1948) in 1915.
Neomycin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Resistant strains of the usually sensitive organisms such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp. are now often encountered in hospitals, and these usually show complete cross-resistance with kanamycin (see Chapter 51, Kanamycin). Long-term oral administration of neomycin particularly favors emergence of multiresistant plasmid-carrying aerobic enteric bacteria. These are usually also resistant to other drugs, such as sulfonamides, tetracyclines, streptomycin, ampicillin, and carbenicillin. Such multiresistant bacteria are capable of transferring their resistance to other aerobic enteric bacteria (Valtonen et al., 1977). Neomycin-resistant strains of Shigella sonnei (Davies et al., 1970) and the Salmonellae (Bissett et al., 1974) have been encountered for years. In a study in Sudan, 3% of enteric pathogens were resistant to neomycin (Ahmed et al., 2000). Similar values have been reported for Campylobacter strains in Iran (Feizabadi et al., 2007) and the UK (Thwaites and Frost, 1999). MICs of pathogens causing otitis externa (including P. aeruginosa) were reported to have significantly increased over a period of 8 years (Cantrell et al., 2004). In contrast, an increase in susceptibility was reported for ocular isolates in Brazil (Chalita et al., 2004).
GMMA as a ‘plug and play’ technology to tackle infectious disease to improve global health: context and perspectives for the future
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Diego Piccioli, Erika Bartolini, Francesca Micoli
GMMA is a technology platform particularly suited for designing and manufacturing of highly effective and affordable vaccines. For this reason, GMMA technology has the potential to make the difference in low-income countries and to significantly improve the effort to combat serious infectious diseases that are endemic in poor countries and are still a threat for the mankind. A vaccine against Shigella sonnei, which causes a serious diarrheal disease endemic in several low-income countries, is the first GMMA-based vaccine that entered clinical development. According to preclinical studies, GMMA are highly immunogenic also when used as carrier for antigens, enhancing significantly their immunogenicity. This opportunity further extends the potential of GMMA technology, which can be applied to design vaccines targeting multiple pathogens at the same time. The chemical conjugation of proteic and polysaccharidic antigens on GMMA expands this potential of GMMA technology in order to use it as a ‘plug and play’ tool to produce multivalent combination vaccines, which is a key aspect in case of several infectious diseases endemic in the same area of the world.
The intriguing role of Rifaximin in gut barrier chronic inflammation and in the treatment of Crohn’s disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2018
Loris R. Lopetuso, Marco Napoli, Gianenrico Rizzatti, Antonio Gasbarrini
Rifaximin has been traditionally identified as a broad spectrum, bactericidal antibiotic. Overall, published data showed an activity against many enteric pathogens that cause infectious diarrhea, including Aeromonas; Campylobacter; Clostridium; enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC); enterotoxigenic E. coli; enterohemorrhagic E. coli; enteroinvasive E. coli; Plesiomonas shigelloides; Salmonella; Shigella spp, including Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei, Serratia spp., and Vibrio spp [42].
Bacteriophages as tools for biofilm biocontrol in different fields
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Camila Mendes Figueiredo, Marilia Silva Malvezzi Karwowski, Romeu Cassiano Pucci da Silva Ramos, Nicoly Subtil de Oliveira, Lorena Caroline Peña, Everdan Carneiro, Renata Ernlund Freitas de Macedo, Edvaldo Antonio Ribeiro Rosa
On the other hand, V. cholerae forms biofilms on phytoplankton and zooplankton, which can then contaminate seafood (Mizan et al. 2015). Soffer et al. (2017) reported a reduction in 0.58 log counts of Shigella sonnei in smoked salmon sprayed with ShigaShieldTM phage cocktail. In another study, ListexTM P100 was applied to the surface of tuna sashimi and reduced the count of L. monocytogenes by 4.44 log counts (Miguéis et al. 2017).