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The Chemistry of O-Polysaccharide Chains in Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
The structures of the O-chains of several Shigella boydii serotypes have been determined to date (Table 5). The structure of the O-chain of S. boydii 5 (66,67) has been reported from two groups, but with slightly different results. The reinvestigated structure with additional data is the correct one (67).
Antimicrobial Compounds from Medicinal Plants: Effects on Antibiotic Resistance to Human Pathogens
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ademola Olabode Ayeleso, T. Jesse Joel, Sujogya Kumar Panda, The Therapeutic Properties of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Olutoyin Omolara Bamigboye, Idowu Jesulayomi Adeosun
S. surathence have been reported to show antifungal activity against A. fumigatus [15]. Inhibitory effect of S. asoca flower and bud water-soluble extract was reported against Shigella boydii [37].
Shigella: Insights into the Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Strategies
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Periyanaina Kesika, Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi, Krishnaswamy Balamurugan
The genus Shigella is separated into four species and multiple serotypes (based on the surface antigen). Shigella dysenteriae encompasses 15 serotypes; Shigella flexneri contains 1 (subserotype- a, b), 2 (subserotype- a, b), 3 (subserotype- a, b, c), 4 (subserotype- a, b), 5, 6, X, Y, and Z serotypes; Shigella boydii consists of 18 serotypes; Shigella sonnei comprises only a single serotype.6 The first Shigella strain (S. dysenteriae) was recognized by Shiga in 1898; S. flexneri, S. sonnei, and S. boydii were later identified by Flexner (in 1900), Sonne (in 1915), and Boyd (in 1931), respectively.16
Gut bacterial extracellular vesicles: important players in regulating intestinal microenvironment
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Xiao Liang, Nini Dai, Kangliang Sheng, Hengqian Lu, Jingmin Wang, Liping Chen, Yongzhong Wang
The activation of host innate and adaptive immune responses by GBEVs secreted by pathogenic intestinal bacteria allows the development of GBEVs as a low-toxicity, highly effective vaccine or adjuvant. S. typhimurium is the main acute gastroenteritis-causing pathogen. Schetters et al. found that S. typhimurium EVs can induce the maturation of human monocyte-derived DCs, mouse bone marrow-derived DCs, and CD11c+ splenic DCs, which in turn activate CD8+T cell responses. The CD8+T cell response is currently a key clinical treatment strategy for tumors and intracellular viruses. Therefore, S. typhimurium EVs could be developed as an effective vaccine to inhibit viral replication and tumor growth.149 Enteric bacterial infections are a leading cause of diarrhea. Statistically, in developing countries, up to 10% of deaths in children under five years of age are caused by diarrhea.150Shigella boydii is a major diarrhea-causing pathogen in children, and approximately 165 million cases have been reported annually worldwide. Although antibiotics are an effective strategy to control the outbreak of shigellosis, they are accompanied by the continuous emergence of antibiotic-resistant Shigella. Mitra et al. found that S. boydii EVs can significantly inhibit S. boydii-mediated inflammation and enable prolonged survival of infected mice.151
Review of Antimicrobial and Other Health Effects in 5 Essential Oil Producing Grass Species
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
A study by Pattnaik et al. (1996) showed that palmarosa oil was effective against several bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus circulans, Citrobacter sp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Salmonella typhi, S. typhimurium, Shigella boydii, S. flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholerae. Verma et al. (2019) reported that monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes were the main compounds in palmarosa grass oil.
Bacteria and fungi as major bio-sources to fabricate silver nanoparticles with antibacterial activities
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Actinomycetes in the family of Actinomycetaceae and the order of Actinomycetales are anaerobic and gram-positive with mycelium, high G + C DNA content, and ability to produce antimicrobial agents such as actinomycin and streptomycin [53]. AgNPs may be biosynthesized in either intracellular or extracellular way by these microorganisms. For instance, AgNPs with a size range of 13–40 and spherical morphology were prepared by an endophytic strain of Streptomyces antimycoticus L-1 isolated from plant leaves of Mentha longifolia L at extracellular pathway followed by NP loading into the cotton fabric via the pad–dry–cure method. Effect of different number of washing cycle for the period of 45 min in a warm-water washing machine containing 2% sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) was evaluated on antibacterial activity. After 10 cycles, zones of inhibition were 0.7, 1.5, 0.6, and 0.9 mm toward S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli, respectively [54]. Cell filtrate and the bacterial supernatants of Streptomyces sp. 192ANMG (F2) and Streptomyces sp. 17ANMG (F7) were employed to AgNPs having the particle size of ~8.66 nm with monodisperse spherical-like shape and ~35 nm with poly-dispersed shape, sequentially. Biofilm of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were decrease as value as 85 and 73.04% under AgNPs biosynthesized by Streptomyces sp. 192ANMG (F2) higher than antibiofilm effect of prepared AgNPs by Streptomyces sp. 17ANMG (F7). This result may be caused by smaller size of ~8.66 nm for green synthesized AgNPs by Streptomyces sp. 192ANMG (F2) relative to other NPs with particle size of ~35 nm [55]. Two strains of KDT32 and KGT32 were isolated from soil samples followed by using cell-free supernatant to synthesize AgNPs having antibacterial activity toward E. coli, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella boydii pathogens. Higher antibacterial effects were observed for KDT32-AgNPs with inhibition zones of 22 and 19 mm against E. coli and S. typhi, respectively [56]. The C = C stretching of alkenes, O-H stretching of alcohol, and C-N stretching of secondary amines of proteins related to metabolites of Streptomyces sp. NS-33 were contributed in AgNPs biosynthesis. Resulted AgNPs showed spherical shape, polydispersed, and the average particle size of 30.35 nm with antibacterial activity toward S. pneumoniae and S. aureus in comparison with E. coli and E. faecalis [57].