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Gut Microbiota—Specific Food Design
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Aparna V. Sudhakaran, Himanshi Solanki
Dietary habits affect the composition of intestinal microbiota instantly. When we compare the three major enterotypes in the gut Prevotella, Bacte- roides, and Ruminococcus, the composition significantly varied according to the dietary pattern. Prevotella is found significantly in vegan diet [11, 19, 35]. Bacteroides are prevalent in animal protein and saturated fat [37, 75] and Ruminococcus is largely found in fruit and vegetable-rich diet [74]. The dietary habits can have quick influence on the composition of the intestinal microflora.
Probiotics and Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Published in Martin Colin R, Derek Larkin, Probiotics in Mental Health, 2018
Other species of gut bacteria have been associated with disturbances in intestinal microbiota, within an autistic spectrum disorder population. Sutterella (Williams et al., 2011) is reported at a higher prevalence in individuals with autistic spectrum disorder and gastrointestinal symptomology. Along with Sutterella Wang et al. (2013) found high levels of Ruminococcus torques in the guts of children with autistic spectrum disorder. Akkermansia muciniphilia (De Angelis et al., 2013; Kang et al., 2013), Desulfovibri (Finegold et al., 2010) and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (De Angelis et al., 2013) were found in increased abundance, in autistic spectrum disorder children. Kang et al. (2013) found low levels of Prevotella. Prevotella is associated with good gastrointestinal health. However, because research protocols differ between research laboratories conflicting findings are often reported, nevertheless there appears to be a body of evidence which contests that dysbiosis may be implicated at some level in autistic spectrum disorder. One mechanism for dysbiosis maybe the use of antibiotics, which disrupts normal microbiota health. Another mechanism was proposed by Williams et al. (2011) in which they suggest that defective dissaccharidase and hexose transporter leads to a compromised carbohydrate environment in the distal cecum/ileum, this then may lead to dysbiosis, as the bacteria have an additional substrate in which to colonise (Ding et al., 2017).
The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Obesity
Published in Emmanuel C. Opara, Sam Dagogo-Jack, Nutrition and Diabetes, 2019
Stephen J. Walker, Puja B. Patel
Whole-grain (WG) cereals go through minimum processing after they are harvested; this is done to conserve the naturally occurring amount of germ, endosperm, and bran (which has the largest amount of fiber). Research involving human dietary interventions shows that consuming WG cereals causes a bifidogenic effect, coincident with elevated abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria (see Table 8.2) [5]. Inulin is a combination of approximately 60 fructose monomers with a terminal glucosyl moiety that can be broken down to produce shorter-chain fructooligosaccharides (FOS) [5]. Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are made of galactose chain units with variations in chain length and link types between the monomers. The architectural variety between FOS and GOS is responsible for their impact on gut microbiota composition. Inulin, FOS, and GOS are responsible for elevated quantities of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in human feces (Table 8.2), whereas inulin and FOS have also been shown to increase the presences of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus (Table 8.2). In contrast, it has been observed that consumption of fructans and galactans may lead to a decrease in Bacteroides, Prevotella, and F. prausnitzii. Nondigestible starch or resistant starch (RS) avoids degradation at the proximal parts of the gastrointestinal tract and is able to continue to the distal regions of the large intestine, which is why it is believed to affect the gut microbiota. When humans are given an RS diet, Ruminococcus bromii comprises 17% of the fecal microbiota, and it is responsible for the degradation of type RS3 in the large intestine (Table 8.2) [30].
Cellulolytic bacteria in the large intestine of mammals
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Alicia Froidurot, Véronique Julliand
Although R. albus was identified using molecular biology techniques, no strain has been isolated from the large intestine to date. One review mentions the isolation of R. albus from the pig, but no result was published.80 Ten strains of R. flavefaciens have been isolated, of which only two were from omnivores (pig and rat),23,53 whereas the majority was from herbivores (donkey and pony).20 Five strains of Ruminococcus spp. were isolated from human fecal samples.52,53 Two strains appeared to differ from previously described cellulolytic Ruminococcus strains, one strain formed end-products like those of R. albus, and two other strains resembled R. flavefaciens in fermentation products and chain formation by cells. More recently, several cellulolytic strains of Ruminococcus were isolated from human feces, with one being identified as R. champanellensis.25,28,68
Obesity is associated with a distinct brain-gut microbiome signature that connects Prevotella and Bacteroides to the brain’s reward center
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Tien S. Dong, Michelle Guan, Emeran A. Mayer, Jean Stains, Cathy Liu, Priten Vora, Jonathan P. Jacobs, Venu Lagishetty, Lin Chang, Robert L. Barry, Arpana Gupta
In prior research, long-term dietary habits influence gut microbiota composition, notably when comparing fiber versus protein-based diets. Our study showed that there were several taxonomic changes associated with a standard American diet, which is a low-fiber diet that is high in refined carbohydrates, fatty meats, and saturated fats. Of note, individuals on standard American diet were found to have decreased Lachnospira, which has been positively associated with vegetarian diets and negatively associated with higher meat and cholesterol intake.45Ruminococcus has also been shown to have correlations with a protein-rich diet, and we similarly saw increases in this genus with those individuals on the standard American diet.45 In addition, we observed that decreased Bacteroides and increased Prevotella abundance were also associated with a standard American diet. Prevotella-rich microbiomes are associated with insulin resistance through the production of branched chained amino acids, especially in those on a high-fat diet, such as a standard American diet, and potentially contributes to the increased risk of developing insulin resistance in obese individuals.46
Infant gut microbiota modulation by human milk disaccharides in humanized microbiome mice
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Antonio Rubio-Del-Campo, Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira, Eva M. Moya-Gonzálvez, Juan Alberola, Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz, María J. Yebra
A desirable effect of HMOs is also to protect children from pathogenic diarrhea caused by the intestinal viruses rotavirus and norovirus. Interestingly, we have demonstrated in previous studies that those bacterial groups (Akkermansia spp. and Ruminococcus spp.) had divergent effects in rotavirus and norovirus susceptibility. Ruminococcus spp. correlated negatively with both rotavirus and norovirus IgA antibody titters, showing a lower susceptibility to these two virus infections in individuals with higher amounts of Ruminococcus spp. (revealing its potential as antiviral bacteria). Contrarily, the IgA antibody titer to rotaviruses positively correlated with the amounts of Akkermansia spp., pointing to this bacterial group as a facilitator of rotavirus infections.58