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Human Gut Microbiota–Transplanted Gn Pig Models for HRV Infection
Published in Lijuan Yuan, Vaccine Efficacy Evaluation, 2022
Szajewska et al. (2011) demonstrate that LGG improves HRV-induced diarrhea. That study used subjects one month to 18 years old but did not specify the delivery type. It is possible that LGG may not have the same protective effects on C-section-delivered infants which contain a different gut microbiota compared with vaginally delivered infants. Although all the pigs studied received the oral attenuated HRV vaccine, the protection against virulent HRV-induced diarrhea was only partial (Wen et al., 2014a). There were no significant differences in protection rate against diarrhea or virus shedding, the severity of diarrhea, or the titer of virus shedding (data not shown); therefore, we could not evaluate quantitatively whether the changes in the microbiome correlate with protection against diarrhea or virus shedding. Fifty percent (2/4) of the pigs in the –LGG+HRV group were protected from infection upon virulent HRV challenge. There are no apparent differences in the abundant taxa between protected (Gp09.06 and Gp10.09) versus unprotected (Gp10.10 and Gp10.11) pigs (Figure 11.1A, group “–LGG+HRV”). However, the low-abundance bacterial taxa (Figures 11.5 and 11.6), which accounted for less than 0.5% of the microbiota, showed that one of the two protected pigs (Gp09.06) harbored unique bacteria such as Ruminococcaceae. The other protected pig (Gp10.09) shared similar low-abundance taxa with unprotected pigs. Further studies with more animals would be needed to identify rare taxa potentially associated with viral protection.
Gut Microbiota—Specific Food Design
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Aparna V. Sudhakaran, Himanshi Solanki
A change in the dietary lipid can cause modulation in the gut microbiota composition [56]. The ingested lipids will be digested mainly in the small intestine. A low-fat diet (plant-based) favors the growth of Lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacteria and Bacteroidetes [64]. A walnut-enriched diet was reported to increase Ruminococcaceae and Bifidobacteria, and decrease the Clostridium sp. cluster XIVa species [5]. The saturated fat predominant western diet was found to enhance Bilophila and Faecalibacterium, and reduce Bacteroidetes, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium [13, 64].
Microbiome and pregnancy complications
Published in Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos, New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
Maria Carmen Collado, Omry Koren
Changes in the gut microbiota early in pregnancy precede GDM development, as observed in one study reporting an increase in Ruminococcaceae early in pregnancy (12 weeks) in women who subsequently develop GDM (42). A recent study reported changes in α-diversity (species richness) in parallel with an increase in the relative abundance of members of the Firmicutes phylum and a reduction in the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria phyla from the second to third trimester in GDM-pregnant mothers (43). In multiple regression models, Faecalibacterium was significantly associated with fasting glucose levels, Collinsella (directly) and Blautia (inversely) with insulin, and with homeostasis-model assessment insulin resistance, while Sutterella was associated with C-reactive protein level (43). GDM modified the gut microbiota of pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy, and differences were maintained 8 months after delivery (39). Pregnant mothers with GDM harbored higher abundance of Actinobacteria phylum and specific bacteria including Rothia, Collinsella, Clostridium (sensu stricto), and Veillonella and Desulfovibrio, and also, a reduced abundance of Faecalibacterium and Anaerotruncus. A lower α-diversity and lower relative abundance of Prevotella and Lactobacillus group in meconium from GDM mothers was also reported (44).
Relationship between gut microbiota and vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Wen-Han Bao, Wen-Ling Yang, Chun-Yan Su, Xin-Hong Lu, Lian He, Ai-Hua Zhang
We found that Ruminococcus was negatively correlated with VC and played the second-most important role in VC in HD patients. However, there was no bacteria with a significantly negative relationship to VC in Ana Merino-Ribas’ study of PD patients [17]. Ruminococcus are gram-positive anaerobic bacteria belonging to the family Ruminococcaceae and the phylum Firmicutes, which are widely recognized for their capacity to hydrolyze and ferment many structural and storage polysaccharides to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate [28,29]. Recent studies found that SCFAs seem to contribute to the improvement of vascular phenotypes [1,30]. SCFAs may have immunomodulatory effects. Inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells are responsive to SCFA treatment, which is consistent with the anti-inflammatory role of SCFAs in a wide range of inflammatory diseases and the reduction of VC [30,31].
The double-edged sword of probiotic supplementation on gut microbiota structure in Helicobacter pylori management
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Ali Nabavi-Rad, Amir Sadeghi, Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei, Abbas Yadegar, Sinéad Marian Smith, Mohammad Reza Zali
A recent study conducted in China reported the advantage of multi-strain probiotic administration in which detrimental bacteria were enriched in the antibiotic group while commensal bacteria were more abundant in the probiotic group.192Lachnospiraceae UCG 006 and Eubacterium ventriosum, as commensal bacteria, can protect the human intestinal against colorectal cancer by producing SCFAs.246,247 Furthermore, Ruminococcaceae bacteria are one of the main butyrate producers in the human digestive tract; therefore, promoting the integrity of the gut barrier.248 On the other hand, the increased proportion of Leptotrichia is a risk factor for colorectal cancer;249 however, certain Leptotrichia species might be inversely correlated to pancreatic cancer.250 Moreover, Leptotrichia is reported as an oral health-related genus, substantially enriched in healthy individuals without dental caries experience.251
Gut microbial communities from patients with anorexia nervosa do not influence body weight in recipient germ-free mice
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Elaine M. Glenny, Farnaz Fouladi, Stephanie A. Thomas, Emily C. Bulik-Sullivan, Quyen Tang, Zorka Djukic, Yesel S. Trillo-Ordonez, Anthony A. Fodor, Lisa M. Tarantino, Cynthia M. Bulik, Ian M. Carroll
Despite no differences in cecum weight between recipient mouse groups, the bacterial families Rikenellaceae and Ruminococcaceae were significantly associated with cecum weight depending on the human donor. These results further suggest that AN-associated gut microbiotas and their metabolites produced within the cecum may affect cecum physiology differently from non-AN microbiotas. However, the translational relevance of this finding is difficult to discern as the cecum in the mouse functions as a site for microbial fermentation while the cecum in humans has little fermentative capacity.31 Nonetheless, as GF mice both lack microbes for fermentation and exhibit enlarged ceca, it is tempting to speculate that AN-associated gut microbiotas are rich in microbes with elevated fermentative capacities.32 Indeed, the Rikenellaceae family (enriched in the AN-colonized mice in our study) outcompetes other common digestive tract bacteria when grown on mucin-rich media.33 Additionally, the Ruminococcaceae family (also enriched in the AN-colonized mice in our study) encompasses microbes known to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) via fermentation of fiber (i.e., Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Clostridium leptum).34,35 It has yet to be elucidated whether SCFAs play a role in AN and whether SCFA production is a compensatory response to a nutrient-deprived environment.