China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Plant-based Nanomaterials and their Antimicrobial Activity
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Mayuri Napagoda, Priyalatha Madhushanthi, Dharani Wanigasekara, Sanjeeva Witharana
The major causative agent for nosocomial fungal infections is Candida species, especially C. albicans being the most abundant etiological agent of systemic fungal infections in the bloodstream. Aspergillus infections together with Candida infections, which commonly affect granulocytopenic and other immunocompromised patients comprise 90% of all prevalent nosocomial fungal infections (Fridkin and Jarvis 1996). The major opportunistic pathogenic fungus that is responsible for the fungal infections in immunocompromised individuals such as HIV patients, cancer patients receiving immunosuppressive treatments, individuals undergoing organ transplantation and patients with serious medical conditions is Cryptococcus neoformans (Mitchell and Perfect 1995). Moreover, rarely found deep fungal infections are caused by Zygomycetes members such as Rhizomucor pusillus, Rhizopus arrhizus and Absidia corymbifera and Ascomycota members like Fusarium spp., Blastoschizomyces capitatus; Basidiomycetes like Trichosporon beigelii are intrinsically becoming resistant to the available antifungal medications (Fridkin and Jarvis 1996).
Soybean-Based Functional Foods Through Microbial Fermentation: Processing and Biological Activities
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Arijit Nath, Titas Ghosh, Abinit Saha, Klára Pásztorné Huszár, Szilvia Bánvölgyi, Renáta Gerencsérné Berta, Ildikó Galambos, Edit Márki, Gyula Vatai, Andras Koris, Arpita Das
Tempeh is one of the traditional Indonesian dishes with very high concentration of vitamin B12. The four major steps for tempeh preparation are: (a) boiling, (b) soaking, (c) inoculation of microbes and (d) incubate at room temperature (~27°C) [24]. Primarily, soybean seeds are boiled for 5-10 minutes and subsequently they are soaked in cold water for 15-17 hours. After soaking, water is drained-out and is followed by dehulling of the boiled soybean seeds. Lastly, sample is inoculated with Rhizopus sp. and fermentation is performed for 35-37 hours under the punctured polymer cover at room temperature. Fermentation of soybean seeds with Rhizopus generates flavor, improves the texture and nutritional value of tempeh [89]. Wide range of filamentous fungal species was also isolated in tempeh, such as [102]: Rhizopus oligosporus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus arrhizus, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus formosaensis, and Fusarium sp. Some bacteria (such as: non-pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter freundii) are key producers of vitamin B12 in tempeh [24, 58]. Cooked tempeh is eaten instead of its native form. In Figure 1.4, methodology for preparation of tempeh from soybean is presented.
Biotransformation of Sesquiterpenoids, Ionones, Damascones, Adamantanes, and Aromatic Compounds by Green Algae, Fungi, and Mammals
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Yoshinori Asakawa, Yoshiaki Noma
Compounds 282 g and 282n were treated in Rhizopus arrhizus and Rhodotorula glutinus for 6 and 8 days to afford glucosylated metabolites, 1α-D-glucosides (282o) and 282r, respectively. The substrate itself showed antimicrobial activity against C. albicans, C. neoformans, and MRSA-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and S. aureus with MIC and MFC/MBC ranges of 7.5–25 and 12.5–50 mg/mL, respectively. Compounds 282 g and 282 h also exhibited in vitro antimalarial activity against P. falciparum (D6 clone) and P. falciparum (W2 clone) of 3600 and 3800 ng/mL (selective index [S.I.] > 1.3), 1800 (S.I. > 2.6), and 2900 (S.I. > 1.6), respectively (El Sayed et al., 2002) (Figure 23.87).
Mucormycosis medications: a patent review
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2021
Mohd. Imran, Alshrari A.S., Mohammad Tauseef, Shah Alam Khan, Shuaibu Abdullahi Hudu
Mucormycosis (phycomycosis or zygomycosis) is a noninfectious fungal disease caused by different genera of zygomycetes. The mucormycosis term is widely used because members of the Mucoraceae family cause most of these infections [1]. The Mucoraceae family members are present worldwide and are known to start the decay of organic materials [2]. Rhizopus arrhizus is the most common cause of mucormycosis in humans. Other fungi reported causing mucormycosis to include Mucor sp., Saksenaea sp., Absidia sp., Entomophthora sp., Basidiobolus sp., Conidiobolus sp., Apophysomyces elegans, Cunninghamella bertholletiae, and Rhizomucor pusillus [1,3]. This uncommon infection occurs when a healthy individual’s mouth, nose, eyes, cracked skin and wound come in direct contact with contaminated soil or water. After the illness, the fungi rapidly multiply at the blood vessel walls and stop the tissue/organ’s blood supply. This results in tissue destruction, and if not treated on time, leads to infection of the different parts of the body, followed by death [1–4]. This illness is also termed as ‘Black Death’ and ‘Zombie disease’ in layman’s language. However, these terms are not be used by a responsible individual to avoid misunderstanding between the patient and the public [5].
Oteseconazole: a long-awaited diversification of the antifungal arsenal to manage recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC)
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Paul Vandecruys, Silke Baldewijns, Mart Sillen, Wouter Van Genechten, Patrick Van Dijck
The spectrum of activity of VT-1161 is not limited to Candida species only, as its activity has been demonstrated against other species, including Trichophyton rubrum, Coccidioides immitis/posadasii, and Cryptococcus neoformans [55–57]. Table 1 shows a comparison of in vitro activities of VT-1161 and fluconazole against various non-albicans and non-Candida isolates. Positive in vivo results were also obtained for the treatment of dermatophytosis using a Trichophyton mentagrophytes guinea pig model [58], and the treatment and prevention of mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus arrhizus var. arrhizus in an immunosuppressed mice model [59,60].
Recent advances in the molecular diagnosis of mucormycosis
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2018
Sanjeet S. Dadwal, Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis
Mucormycosis is an infection caused by fungi from the Mucorales order [1], with Rhizopus spp., (Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus arrhizus are used equivalently in medical literature although the taxonomists favor the term R. arrhizus) the most common cause, followed by Mucor spp., Lichtheimia corymbifera [2], and less commonly by Cunninghamella spp., Rhizomucor spp., and Apophysomyces spp. The spectrum of disease caused by Mucormycetes is broad and includes rhinosinusitis, pneumonia, gastrointestinal tract involvement, dissemination to internal organs, and skin/soft tissue infection [3].