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Prevention of Microbial Contamination during Manufacturing
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Because process water is not sterile, it is not unusual to detect microorganisms in samples taken from various process water system sites. However, coliform bacteria and the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) indicator microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella species should not be isolated from purified water samples. There are several reasons for not detecting their presence in process water samples, including the fact they are sensitive to the antimicrobial action of chlorine when the potable or drinking source water is chlorinated (16). In a study that was conducted over a 14-year test period, none of these microbial species had been isolated from the source water for a purified water system. Instead, the following types of Gram-negative bacterial species were isolated from the potable source water for a process water system: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Brevundimonas vesicularis, Ralstonia pickettii, Pseudomonas stutzeri and Sphingomonas species (34). Risk of system contamination with these is limited as the ambient temperature (e.g., 15.0–20.0oC) of a circulating process water system is sub-optimal for their growth, and each requires a highly nutritious environment to survive and proliferate.
Potential of Syzygium cumini for Biocontrol and Phytoremediation
Published in K. N. Nair, The Genus Syzygium, 2017
S. K. Tewari, R. C. Nainwal, Devendra Singh
Recent studies have revealed that S. cumini seed extract can be used as carbon source of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polyesters of hydroxyalkanoates synthesized by various bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage compounds and accumulated as granules in the cytoplasm of cells. PHA-producing bacteria from soil were isolated, characterized, and screened by the Nile blue staining method. Screened organisms were subjected to fermentation with glucose as a carbon source and a low-cost raw material like jambul seed (S. cumini). The strain SPY-1 showed a higher amount of PHA accumulation than the other strains and was comparable with that of the reference strain Ralstonia eutropha (Preethi et al. 2012). Jeyaseelan et al. (2013) also used S. cumini seed as a carbon source for the production of PHA from soil microbial isolates. The efficiency of selected isolates for PHA production utilizing the hydrolyzed substrate as a carbon source was compared with that of R. eutropha (reference strain) using the same production medium. Jamun seed accumulated PHA 42.2% as a sole carbon source in comparison with the best isolate SPY-1 and R. eutropha, which were able to accumulate 26.76% and 28.97%, respectively, of their dry cell weight.
Health care settings *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
In the plumbing system of hospitals – water taps and shower heads, sink drains and sanitation systems – only bacterial pathogens can proliferate; viruses and parasites are not able to proliferate. Some of the most important plumbing system associated waterborne pathogens are: Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiellaspp., Legionellaspp., non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli, Serratia spp., Enterobacterspp., Citrobacter, Raoultellaspp.), Raoultellaspp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Sphingomonas spp., Ralstonia pickettii, fungi (Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp.) and amoeba-associated bacteria (Leegionella anisa, Bosea massiliensis).1,2,4
The double-edged sword of probiotic supplementation on gut microbiota structure in Helicobacter pylori management
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Ali Nabavi-Rad, Amir Sadeghi, Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei, Abbas Yadegar, Sinéad Marian Smith, Mohammad Reza Zali
As one of the major causes of gastroenteritis, Campylobacter genus prevalence increased during the last decade globally. Well-studied species within the Campylobacter genus are C. jejuni and C. fetus, mainly responsible for the vast majority of reported Campylobacter infections and bloodstream infections, respectively.252 Therefore, the enhanced colonization of Campylobacter bacteria in the antibiotic group may further emphasize the beneficial effect of paraprobiotic consumption. Although Erysipelatoclostridium are SCFAs producers, the relative abundance of this genus is demonstrated to be enriched in the intestine of patients with gout, metabolic syndrome, and IBS.253,254 Furthermore, Ralstonia is a genus of Gram-negative opportunistic bacteria causing infection in immunocompromised hosts.255 However, these bacteria are more abundant in H. pylori-negative individuals than infected patients.256 Consequently, Erysipelatoclostridium and Ralstonia enrichment may increase the risk of developing gastrointestinal inflammation and immune disorders in the antibiotic group.
Gram negative infections in cystic fibrosis: a review of preventative and treatment options
Published in Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs, 2020
Charlotte Addy, Steven Caskey, Damian Downey
For emerging pathogens, the evidence on optimal antibiotic regimes is less clear. Despite their increasing prevalence, and likely clinical impact, no formal guidance on management during PEx exists. H. influenzae has greater antibiotic susceptibility, with lower rates of multi-drug resistance than other Gram-negative bacteria in CF [19]. Increased antibiotic pressure over a longer lifespan, with the presence of hypermutator strains, potential for biofilm formation [99], and greater resistance in persistent strains, particularly to Ciprofloxacin, could increase pathogenicity in the future [100]. Despite being an independent risk factor for PEx development, no randomized trials of PEx treatment for S. maltophilia exist [20,49]. In one retrospective cohort study, the number of days of treatment given for S. maltophilia had no effect on ppFEV1 recovery or time to the next exacerbation [101]. Ralstonia spp. have significant resistance across antibiotic classes, including beta-lactams and aminoglycosides, with further inducible resistance to antibiotics in vivo [28]. This limits antibiotic options, in a similar fashion to Bcc. At a minimum, dual therapy is suggested, with combinations of Co-Trimoxazole, Ciprofloxacin, Piperacillin-Tazobactam, or Tigecycline potentially the most effective [28].
Microbial detection in seroma fluid preceding the diagnosis of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a case report and review of the literature
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2019
A. Fricke, J. A. Wagner, J. Kricheldorff, C. Rancsó, U. Von Fritschen
In this context, Di Napoli et al. report microbial detection in 23,8% (5 of 21) of all reactive late seromas of the breast which were sent for culture; however, they do not specify whether pathogen growth was detected in the seroma fluid of BIA-ALCL patients [5]. Most studies do not mention if microbial analysis of the seroma fluid of BIA-ALCL patients was carried out [2,6–8,12]. However, Hu et al. reported the detection of bacterial biofilm in both BIA-ALCL samples as well as non-tumour capsule samples, showing a predominance of Ralstonia spp. in BIA-ALCL samples and contralateral capsule samples [15]. The authors argue that the presence of a biofilm might trigger the formation of BIA-ALCL due to chronic bacterial antigen stimulation [15]. Interestingly, however, they showed that in capsules from the contralateral breast of BIA-ALCL patients, a significantly lower number of bacteria was detected, suggesting that the activation of lymphocytes correlates with the bacteria load [15]. The fact that textured implants were found to present a higher bacteria load [16,17] might thus provide an explanation for the higher incidence of BIA-ALCL in patients with textured implants [3,15]. However, the ‘subclinical infection hypothesis’ described by Hu et al. [15] has been questioned by several authors, including Santanelli di Pompeo et al. [18]. The authors state that it remains to be elucidated why, amongst other things, Ralstonia spp. has also been detected in non-ALCL capsule samples [15] as well as why biofilm is present on all types of breast implants [16,17] although ALCL is associated predominantly with textured implants [3,18]. Nevertheless, one has to consider that thicker biofilms have been found on implants with rougher surface textures [17].