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Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals from Fish and Their Activities
Published in Ramasamy Santhanam, Santhanam Ramesh, Subramanian Nivedhitha, Subbiah Balasundari, Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals from Fish and Fish Wastes, 2022
Ramasamy Santhanam, Santhanam Ramesh, Subramanian Nivedhitha, Subbiah Balasundari
Antibacterial activity: The glycoprotein, L-amino acid oxidase derived from the skin mucus of this fish showed potent antibacterial activity against Aeromonas salmonicida, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus with MIC values of 0.08, 0.2, and 0.6 µg/mL, respectively (Kitani et al., 2007).
Macrophages and Development of Cancer
Published in Gloria H. Heppner, Amy M. Fulton, Macrophages and Cancer, 2019
Barak et al.,40 using a different bacterial mutation system, also demonstrated that human leukocytes can be mutagenic. Looking at reversion to luminescence of a dark mutant of Photobacterium fisheri, these investigators showed that neutrophils or leukocytes increased the reversion rate 1000-fold, whereas lymphocytes, or heat-killed or detergent disrupted phagocytes did not. Supernatants from the test system, taken after 60 min of phagocytosis under aerobic conditions, showed mutagenic activity. This could be increased by detergent disruption after phagocytosis. Although phagocytosis could occur under anerobic conditions, test supernatants did not have mutagenic activity.
Animal, Human, and in Vitro Test Methods for Predicting Skin Irritation
Published in Francis N. Marzulli, Howard I. Maibach, Dermatotoxicology Methods: The Laboratory Worker’s Vade Mecum, 2019
Sunita M. Patil, Esther Patrick, Howard I. Maibach
A similar system, Microtox. has been used for years in environmental studies. This luminescent bacteria (Photobacterium phosphorium) toxicity assay examines the reduction of fluorescence normally emitted by a suspension of luminescent bacteria (Photobacterium phosphoreum) after exposure to toxins (Bulich et al., 1981). This process can be used to assess irritation because the amount of viable remaining cells correspond to the degree of fluorescence (Bulich et al., 1981).
The microbiome of deep-sea fish reveals new microbial species and a sparsity of antibiotic resistance genes
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Fergus W. J. Collins, Calum J. Walsh, Beatriz Gomez-Sala, Elena Guijarro-García, David Stokes, Klara B. Jakobsdóttir, Kristján Kristjánsson, Finlay Burns, Paul D. Cotter, Mary C. Rea, Colin Hill, R. Paul Ross
The genes required for luciferase activity are encoded within the lux operon where the luxA and luxB genes encode for both subunits of the luciferase enzyme.24,25 Using a Hidden Markov model, it was possible to identify sequences related to the luxA luciferase genes in the metagenomic data. The distribution of these genes is much lower than anticipated, with only 12 of the fish samples and the water sample containing homologs to the luxA gene at a relatively low abundance (Supplemental Table 6). Many of the of identified luxA homologs (38.5%) were predicted to be encoded by members of the Photobacterium genus, specifically Photobacterium phosphoreum¸ well-known for its bioluminescence, and Photobacterium kishitanii – a species closely related to the former which has previously been isolated from the light organ of deep-sea fishes.26 The relatively low level of luciferase-like genes across these samples was unexpected. If the theory that bioluminescence is used by these bacteria as an aid to become established in the gut of zooplankton and fish, then it could be expected that such luciferase-like clusters would be much more prevalent in the samples analyzed in this study.27 This strategy has been shown to be effective for zooplankton and smaller fish, however at higher trophic level where predators and prey are much larger, these results suggest that the bioluminescence produced by these microbes on POM and in the GI tracts of smaller zooplankton may not be sufficient to attract these larger fishes.
Acute pyelonephritis during pregnancy: a systematic review of the aetiology, timing, and reported adverse perinatal risks during pregnancy
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2020
Katherine Grette, Sarah Cassity, Nicolette Holliday, Bassam H. Rimawi
Escherichia coli was reported as the most common microorganism. It was cultured in 55 cases (51%), followed by Klebsiella species in nine cases (8%); Proteus species in five cases (5%); Staphylococcus aureus in five cases (5%); Streptococcus species in four cases (4%); Enterococcus in three cases (3%); and extended spectrum beta-lactamases producers in two cases (Appendix 1). Of these two extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers, they comprised only 2% of the identified microorganisms. A negative culture was found in three cases (3%) (Appendix 1). The remainder of the microorganisms reported were the following: Veillonella parvula, Photobacterium damsela, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas species, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterobacter, and Gonococcus (Appendix 1). The classes of antibiotics reported in our systematic review are listed in Table 4 in the order of most to least utilised. Cephalosporins were the most commonly reported agents. The other antibiotics reported were penicillins, aminoglycosides, nitrofurantoin, sulphonamides, carbapenems, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, macrolides, glycopeptides, glycylcycline, and fluoroquinolones. The authors did not comment on whether these patients were maintained on suppressive therapy after their course of therapeutic regimen.
Grouping of nanomaterials to read-across hazard endpoints: a review
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
L. Lamon, K. Aschberger, D. Asturiol, A. Richarz, A. Worth
Sizochenko et al. (2018) apply cluster analysis and self-organising maps with the same objective to identify groups of NMs with similar toxicity for read-across. This case study is also based on in vitro IC50 and EC50 data on different cell lines (from Escherichia coli, Photobacterium phosphoreum, and Vibrio fischeri, human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, epithelial cell line A549, human epithelial colorectal cell line Caco2, murine fibroblast cell line Balb/c 3T3, a microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and protozoan Tetrahymena thermophile). Twelve groups of NMs are identified, corresponding to three toxicity classes (low, medium, and high), plus one class corresponding to unknown toxicity. The most important parameter in predicting toxicity is the enthalpy of cation formation and this is applied for data-gap filling that leaves some of the predicted values out of range.