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Dental Caries: Dietary and Microbiology Factors
Published in Lars Granath, William D. McHugh, Systematized Prevention of Oral Disease: Theory and Practice, 2019
William H. Bowen, Dowen Birkhed
The manner in which acid is removed from plaque besides its diffusion into saliva has received little attention. Although it is widely recognized that Veillonella can use lactate to pyruvate and carbon dioxide other reactions that dispose of acid have not been studied extensively. Recently the Stickland reaction has been studied in dental plaque. Proline was reduced to -NH valeric by accepting protons from lactate. It is possible that other amino acids present in plaque can participate in the reaction. Peptostreptococcus anaerobius has been isolated from plaque and shown to be capable of carrying out the above reactions.26
Clostridium
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Emilio Aranda, Mar Rodríguez, María G. Córdoba, María J. Benito, Juan J. Córdoba
The Clostridium genus covers a highly heterogeneous group of gram-positive, endospore-producing, rod-shaped anaerobes, very diverse in both their physiology and genetics.5 Since the creation of the genus Clostridium in 1880, more than 200 species have been described,6 which acted as a depository for a large number of anaerobic gram-positive, spore-forming rods. DNA-rRNA pairing and 16S rRNA gene analysis further reinforced the true extent of the phylogenetic diversity of the genus and the true interrelationships with other taxa.7–10 Collins et al.11 showed that C. difficile, phylogenetically distant from the rRNA clostridial cluster I, is located in cluster XI. Besides cluster XI, there are a number of other misclassified clostridial species such as Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, another clinically significant clinical organism.12,13
Non-Neoplastic Salivary Gland Diseases
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Stephen R. Porter, Stefano Fedele, Valeria Mercadante
The causative organism of acute suppurative sialadenitis is often not found; however, facultative anaerobes, particularly Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus viridans have frequently been reported to be of aetiological significance. In addition a wide range of other bacteria including gram negative bacilli, strict anaerobes such as Bacteroides spp, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius have been identified in affected individuals.48, 49 Rare organisms associated with acute suppurative sialadenitis include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,50Bartonella henselae, Treponema pallidum51 and Eikenella corrodens.48 There have been rare reports of acute sialadenitis associated with primary mycobacterium tuberculosis,52 pre-existing Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection.53, 54 Other rare infections have included salmonella spp,55Neisseria meningitides, Fusobacterium necrophorum (Lemierre’s disease)56 and Burkholderia pseudomallei (Meliodosis).57, 58Table 46.2 indicates other possible bacterial infections of the salivary glands.
Nuclease activity: an exploitable biomarker in bacterial infections
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Javier Garcia Gonzalez, Frank J. Hernandez
Unassigned extracellular nuclease activity blueprints have also been reported in numerous anaerobic bacteria. These include Gram-positive anaerobes, including pathogenic peptostreptococci and Clostridium spp, such as Peptostreptococcus anaerobius or the aforementioned C. perfringens respectively; and Gram-negative anaerobes, including pathogenic fusobacteria or bacteroides, such as Fusobacterium necrophorum or Bacteroides fragilis, respectively [75]. Similar unassigned activity has been reported in members of the corynebacteria, including Corynebacterium ulcerans and C. diphtheriae, the activity of the latter species being independent of the activity of its toxin [76]. Membrane-associated and secreted extracellular nuclease activity of unassigned origin has also been described for numerous pathogenic species and strains of mycoplasma [28], some of which have been shown to induce immortalization and malignant transformation of different human cells in vitro [77,78] and have been associated with the development of malignancies in humans [79–82].
eHealth: Disease activity measures are related to the faecal gut microbiota in adult patients with ulcerative colitis
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2020
Dorit Vedel Ankersen, Petra Weimers, Dorte Marker, Thor Johannesen, Søren Iversen, Berit Lilje, Anja Bråthen Kristoffersen, Sanaz Saboori, Kristine Paridaens, Paal Skytt Andersen, Johan Burisch, Pia Munkholm
In UC in particular, FC has been proven as a non-invasive, clinically valuable marker for monitoring disease activity [35–37] and has just recently been shown to correlate to metabolic activity in IBD; the same study also found a similar significant correlation when looking exclusively at UC patients (n = 25, r = 0.565, p = .003) [15]. In our study, increasing FC severity correlated most strongly with an abundance of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, as determined by16S-seq. Peptostreptococcus species are members of the normal microbiota, e.g. in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract, and is one of the most common Gram-positive anaerobic cocci associated with infections of the abdominal cavity [38]. They can, however, often be found in poly-microbial infections. Most poly-microbial infections in the gastrointestinal tract, including Peptostreptococcus, originates from mucus bacteria adjacent to the infected site where Bacteroides fragilis and Enterobacteriaceae predominate [39]. In the present study, B. fragilis was associated, in UC, with the inflammatory stool marker FC. Furthermore, members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, including Proteobacteria, Escherichia spp. and Shigella spp.,which are bacterial markers of the DNA test, correlated significantly with FC among UC patients. The hierarchical clustering of samples showed a relatively high degree of patient clustering and clusters of patients with high levels of Escherichia spp. (16S-seq); however, Escherichia did not correlate significantly with disease activity (16S-seq) after Bonferroni correction, and nor did a previous meta-analysis of IBD and disease activity [40] document such a relationship between these bacterial species, which could indicate that Escherichia spp might not be a true marker of disease activity alone but rather as a part of the disease steady state/dysbiosis and IBD chronicity, as suggested by Morgan et al. [34]. Firmicutes, the butyrate-producing and ‘peace keeping’ Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, showed a weak negative correlation to FC when using the DNA test method. Machiels et al. [41] have shown that Faecalibacterium prausnitzii are less abundant in the dysbiosis of UC patients. P. anaerobius have, to our knowledge, not been shown to correlate significantly with disease activity in UC before now. However, they have previously been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) [42] and Dejea et al. [43] just recently showed that two bacteria, B. fragilis and a strain of E. coli, collaborated in generating biofilms and together exacerbate the growth of tumours.