China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Antifungal Activity of Seaweeds and their Extracts
Published in Leonel Pereira, Therapeutic and Nutritional Uses of Algae, 2018
Penicillium is a very large and ubiquitous genus which currently contains 354 accepted species. Many species are common contaminants on various substrates and are known as potential mycotoxin producers. Correct identification is therefore important when studying possible Penicillium contamination of food. Human pathogenic species are rare, however opportunistic infections leading to mycotic keratitis, otomycosis, and endocarditis. Colonies are usually fast growing, in shades of green, sometimes white, mostly consisting of a dense felt of conidiophores. Microscopically, chains of single-celled conidia are produced in basipetal succession from a specialized conidiogenous cell called a phialide (Ellis 2016i). Penicillium citrinum
Fungal and mycotoxin occurrence, affecting factors, and prevention in herbal medicines: a review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Jingsheng Yu, Meihua Yang, Jianping Han, Xiaohui Pang
Penicillium genus is one of the most widely distributed storage fungal genera, with 350 recognized species (Perrone and Susca 2017). The contamination of Penicillium in food and herbal medicines has been reported worldwide. In the U.S., a report by Tournas et al. (2013) showed that Penicillium was one of the most common fungal genera in Milk thistle dietary supplements. Żukiewicz-Sobczak et al. (2013) assessed the quantity and quality of dried herbs in Poland, and indicated that Penicillium spp. were dominant at the species level. Chen et al. (2010a) isolated 17 fungal strains from root herbs in China. The results showed that nine out of 17 strains belonged to Penicillium, and all samples were contaminated with OTA. Compared with Aspergillus, a drier condition was more proper for the growth of species in Penicillium. Therefore, the contamination of Penicillium was more common in dried or processed herbal materials. The currently reported contaminated fungi in Penicillium genus include Penicillium steckii, Penicillium capsulatum, Penicillium citrinum, and Penicillium expansum. In conclusion, compared with the contamination of Aspergillus, fewer studies were focused on the contamination of Penicillium in herbal medicines. However, as a result of its prevalence in processed herbal materials and produced mycotoxins (citrinin and patulin), further researches will focus on this genus.
Biosensors for the detection of mycotoxins
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Akansha Shrivastava, Rakesh Kumar Sharma
Citrinin was first isolated from Penicillium citrinum before the Second World War. Recently, it was isolated from fungi Monascus ruber and Monascus purpureus, Penicillium expansum and Penicillium viridicatum and Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus. It is responsible for nephropathy in pigs and other animals and the source mainly includes contaminated barley, oats, rye, corn, and wheat grain (Binder et al. 2007, Hamuel 2015). Citrinin has been reported in cereals and fruits including corn, rice, wheat, black olives, apple, spices, and sometimes in beer. The concentration of this mycotoxin was higher in processed and fermented rice being maximum in red fermented rice (44,240 µg/kg), which is a supplementary food in China (Silva et al. 2020).
Evaluation of citrinin-induced toxic effects on mouse Sertoli cells
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Yasemin Aydin, Banu Orta Yilmaz, Nebahat Yildizbayrak, Ahu Korkut, Merve Arabul Kursun, Tulay Irez, Melike Erkan
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by molds that can lead to various diseases and death in humans and animals. It is reported that mycotoxins contaminate more than 25% of the agricultural products cultivated worldwide (Devegowda et al.1998). As mycotoxins pose a risk to human health, many countries and their scientific committees have set a limit for the maximum levels of mycotoxin that can be found in food. However, Sáncheza et al. (2017) stated in EFSA report that there is insufficient literature to determine the upper limits of daily exposure to CTN for humans and animals. Animals and humans are exposed to CTN by consumption of contaminated food, inhalation, and skin contact (Richard et al.2003). CTN is first isolated from Penicillium citrinum, but is also produced by some other Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Monascus species (Hetherington and Raistrick 1931, El-Banna et al.1987, Kurata 1990, Blanc et al.1995, Li et al.2003). It is widely considered as a hazard contaminant of foods and feeds, including grains, fruits, and oilseeds (Bennett and Klich 2003). CTN has been well known for its nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, genotoxic (group 3, IARC), teratogenic, and immunotoxic effects (Klaric 2012). Studies suggested that CTN might be responsible for apoptosis, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity by causing protein synthesis inhibition, oxidative stress, and activation of specific signaling pathways (Rumora et al.2014). Although various harmful effects of CTN on various cell lines and animal models are known, molecular mechanism of action of CTN in cell cytotoxicity and biological systems are still unknown (Chan 2007).