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Use of Essential Oils in Agriculture
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Catherine Regnault-Roger, Susanne Hemetsberger, Gerhard Buchbauer
The main compounds of Mentha spicata(Lamiaceae) are (R)-(−)-carvone, limonene, and 1,8-cineole (Vokou et al., 2002) (Table 24.9). Chalkos et al. (2010) evaluated the ability of M. spicata-composted plants to increase growth of tomato crops and avoid weed growth. It also has a positive effect on the bacterial and fungal population in the soil. The bacteria Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira are still oxidizing ammonia in the soil despite adding the compost. Among all these effects, the compost of M. spicata was able to increase the pH. A long time after adding M. spicata to the soil, compounds of the EO can be found, but in another composition than the original EO. Carvone, for example, makes up 50% of the EO in the beginning, but after some time in the soil, the concentration lowers to 1%, while other monoterpenes are gone completely. Sesquiterpenes, which act as allelochemicals, on the other hand, can be found at the same or even higher concentrations than in the original oil.
Aquatic Plants Native to Europe
Published in Namrita Lall, Aquatic Plants, 2020
Isa A. Lambrechts, Lydia Gibango, Antonios Chrysargyris, Nikolaos Tzortzakis, Namrita Lall
Although several phenolics, terpenes, and other phytochemicals have been isolated from the plant, no literature on its pharmacological use has been explored. At least 18 different phenolic compounds have been reported in M. spicatum with ellagic acid, gallic acid, and several tannic acids being the more abundant compounds compared to the other compounds (Figure 5.16). In very small concentrations, these compounds, namely ellagic acid, gallic acid, digallic acid, and tannic acids, inhibit the nitrification processes by Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp. (Planas et al. 1981).
Pufferfish Aquariums
Published in Ramasamy Santhanam, Biology and Ecology of Toxic Pufferfish, 2017
As with Nitrosomonas bacteria, it takes some time before the Nitrobacter are able to multiply to sufficient numbers to handle all of the nitrite. While it may take about a week for the population of ammonia-converting Nitrosomonas to grow to sufficient numbers, it may be six weeks for the Nitrobacter to reach sufficient levels. Thus the process of starting the nitrogen cycle may generally take a total of six to eight weeks the period of which is known as “breaking in the tank.” If there are too many fish in the tank during this process, and not enough water changes are made, many of the fish will die. This situation is known as “new tank syndrome” (Santhanam, 1990b; http://animals.howstuffworks.com/pets/choosing-aquarium-equipment4.htm).
An integrated workflow for enhanced taxonomic and functional coverage of the mouse fecal metaproteome
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Nicolas Nalpas, Lesley Hoyles, Viktoria Anselm, Tariq Ganief, Laura Martinez-Gili, Cristina Grau, Irina Droste-Borel, Laetitia Davidovic, Xavier Altafaj, Marc-Emmanuel Dumas, Boris Macek
Thus, without a PSM count threshold, we correlated the taxonomic abundance derived from each software annotation against the known input protein from Kleiner and colleagues’ artificial samples (Figure 3c). Overall, the Unipept software provided the highest correlation (Spearman ρ = .83), as well as at most taxonomic levels (including species). Interestingly, the dynamic range of taxon detection by MS spanned two orders of magnitude, with Salmonella enterica being approximately 230 times more abundant than Nitrosomonas europaeae (Figure 3d, Table S3). Unipept was also the only software allowing identification of Nitrosomonas ureae, Paraburkholderia xenovorans and Nitrosospira multiformis. Importantly, none of the software could identify the five viral organisms present in the samples, the reason being technical since no peptide coming from those viral proteins was detected by MS. Finally, we assessed the impact of different database search strategies on taxonomic abundance derived by the Unipept software (Figure S3F). Similarly to our findings from the previous section, the F-measure metric highlighted the superiority of single-step strategy when it comes to taxonomic identification. Taken together, we show that, based on different metrics and samples of known composition, the Unipept software provides better taxonomic annotation in comparison to Kraken2 and Diamond.
Toxicity of mixtures of zinc oxide and graphene oxide nanoparticles to aquatic organisms of different trophic level: particles outperform dissolved ions
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2018
Nan Ye, Zhuang Wang, Se Wang, Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg
Concern has been raised that exposure of organisms to systems containing multiple NPs might induce effects that significantly exceed the summed effects of the individual constituents of the mixture (Liu et al. 2018; Tsugita, Morimoto, and Nakayama 2017; Yu et al. 2016a,b). For example, the coexistence of ZnO NPs and CeO2 NPs induced synergistic cytotoxicity to Nitrosomonas europaea cells (Yu et al. 2016b). Moreover, SiO2 NPs and TiO2 NPs synergistically triggered macrophage inflammatory responses (Tsugita, Morimoto, and Nakayama 2017). However, most studies have suggested that the effects of NP mixtures are less than the summed effects of the individual particles. For instance, Tong et al. (2015) found that ZnO NPs reduced the cell membrane damaging effect of TiO2 NPs on bacteria (Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila), and TiO2 NPs reduced the inhibitory effect of ZnO NPs on bacterial ATP levels. In our recent work (Ye et al. 2017), we also demonstrated a reduction of toxicity of the combination of CuO NPs and ZnO NPs to freshwater algae. Moreover, TiO2 NPs were shown to reduce the hatching impacts of ZnO NPs on zebrafish embryos (Hua, Peijnenburg, and Vijver 2016). Taken together, these reports signal that the toxic potential of multiple NP mixtures is likely to be completely distinct from the summed toxicity of individual NPs.
ZnO nanoparticles: recent advances in ecotoxicity and risk assessment
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Jia Du, Junhong Tang, Shaodan Xu, Jingyuan Ge, Yuwei Dong, Huanxuan Li, Meiqing Jin
Some in vitro experiments with bacteria also demonstrated the harmful effects of nano-ZnO. For example, nano-ZnO affected the expression of 387 genes as indicated by a genome-wide toxicogenomics approach in Escherichia coli (Su et al.2015). Yu et al. (2016) showed that nano-ZnO exerted serious detrimental effects on cell morphology, cell density, membrane integrity and ammonia monooxygenase activity in Nitrosomonas europaea. The size of ZnO particles affects bacterial cytotoxicity. For example, nano-ZnO showed direct acute toxicity to soil bacteria. It was found that bulk-ZnO had higher bacterial cytotoxicity than nano-ZnO (Rousk et al.2012). Heinlaan et al. (2008) demonstrated that nano-ZnO led to acute toxicity in bacteria (V. fischeri). Premanathan et al. (2011) reported that the toxicity of nano-ZnO to bacteria was related to the generation of ROS and the induction of apoptosis. These toxicity studies suggested that nano-ZnO is potentially toxic to organisms. Other nanoparticles, such as nano-Ag, nano-CuO, and carbon nanotubes, are also toxic to bacteria. Pasquini et al. (2012) found that surface functionalization indirectly affected the bacterial cytotoxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Durán et al. (2010) demonstrated that nano-Ag had antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Nano-CuO caused acute toxicity to bacteria (Heinlaan et al.2008). Nano-ZnO is released into the environment through various routes that result in the inevitable environmental exposure of humans to nano-ZnO. Therefore, it is important to precisely assess the toxicity of nano-ZnO to humans. Researchers have analyzed the toxicity of nano-ZnO by exposing various cells to nano-ZnO at different doses, times, and sizes, as summarized in Table 1.