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Ciprofloxacin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Jason Kwong, M. Lindsay Grayson
Neisseria meningitidis is extremely susceptible to ciprofloxacin, with an MIC < 0.008–0.12 μg/ml (Eliopoulos and Eliopoulos, 1993; Harcourt et al., 2015), including isolates collected from the African meningitis belt from 2000 to 2006 (Hedberg et al., 2009). However, resistance has now emerged in a number of diverse regions (Wu et al., 2009; see section 2b, Emerging resistance and cross-resistance). Neisseria mucosa is generally susceptible (Anderson and Miller, 1993).
Maturation of the oral microbiota during primary teeth eruption: a longitudinal, preliminary study
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
He Xu, Bijun Tian, Weihua Shi, Jing Tian, Wenjun Wang, Man Qin
Six OTUs were shared across all the samples at all dentition states, i.e. Neisseria mucosa, Veillonella dispar, and four species of Streptococcus (S. cristatus clade 578, S. gordonii, S. lactarius and S. oralis subsp. clade 398). Another 10 OTUs were detected from all the saliva samples; Alloprevotella sp. HMT 473, Bergeyella sp. HMT 322, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Gemella bergeri, Gemella haemolysans, Gemella morbillorum, Streptococcus peroris, Streptococcus sinensis, Veillonella atypica and Veillonella sp. HMT 780. Another three OTUs were detected from all the plaque samples; Capnocytophaga sputigena, Granulicatella adiacens and Granulicatella elegans. Dentition state-discriminatory species were analyzed within each group. Before S3 in both groups, about half of the DDT species could be recognized as resident bacteria that originated from other sites of the body or external environment, such as C. tuberculostearicum, Actinomyces lingnae, A. octavius, M. ginsengisoli, and Ottowia sp. HMT 894 from S1-S2 in saliva; Eggerthella lenta and Klebsiella pneumoniae from S2-S3 in saliva; as well as Streptococcus thermophilus and C. tuscaniense from S2-S3 in plaque. Most of these exogenetic species declined with the gradual eruption of primary teeth, and could only be rarely detected or existed with low abundance after S3. On the contrary, most of the DDT from S3 to S5 could be recognized as common bacteria that colonized in the oral cavity (Table 1).
Gut microbiota in Celiac Disease: microbes, metabolites, pathways and therapeutics
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2020
Katherine L Olshan, Maureen M Leonard, Gloria Serena, Ali R Zomorrodi, Alessio Fasano
One study globally evaluated the functional capabilities of duodenal biopsies and found that of the 114 bacterial strains isolated, 85 (75%) grew on media with gluten as the sole nitrogen source, 31 (27%) had extracellular activity against gluten, and 27 (24%) strains had the ability to breakdown a specific immunogenic peptide in CD (the 33-mer peptide) [159]. Similarly, another study isolated 144 bacterial strains from fecal samples, and the researchers found that 94 (65%) demonstrated some ability to break down gluten, 61 (42%) had extracellular activity against gluten, and 11 (7.6%) strains displayed peptidase activity against the 33-mer peptide [160]. In another effort to identify specific gluten-degrading bacteria, Fernandez-Feo et al. investigated bacteria normally found in the human oropharynx. They found multiple bacteria, including Rhotia spp., Actinomyces odontolyticus, Neisseria mucosa, and Capnocytophaga sputigena, which displayed the ability to degrade the toxic epitopes of gliadin associated with CD [161].
Acetaldehyde production by Rothia mucilaginosa isolates from patients with oral leukoplakia
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2020
Abdrazak Amer, Aine Whelan, Nezar N. Al-Hebshi, Claire M. Healy, Gary P. Moran
Of the 70 Rothia spp. genomes analysed, only two strains encoded genes with homology to ALDH encoding genes. R. mucilaginosa strain 204_RMUC harboured a gene encoding a protein with 100% identity to a protein in S. oralis strain Uo5 (adhE, PATRIC ID: fig|927666.3.peg.160). Secondly, R. mucilaginosa strain 382_RMUC contained a gene encoding a protein with 100% identity to an ALDH encoding gene from Neisseria mucosa ATCC 25996 (PATRIC ID: fig|546266.6.peg.2301). Alignment of these loci identified flanking regions of homology to S. oralis and N. mucosa suggesting that two strains acquired these genes during recent horizontal gene transfer events (Figure S1). BLAST analysis of both proteins from R. mucilaginosa strains 382_RMUC and strain 204_RMUC against the remaining 68 Rothia genomes did not identify any additional putative ALDH enzymes.