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Nutrition and the Microbiome—Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Published in David Perlmutter, The Microbiome and the Brain, 2019
Kirsten Berding, Sharon Donovan
In addition to the previously discussed differences in fecal bacterial composition in children, yeast and fungi are also suspected of being involved in the gut-to-brain communication pathways in ASD. Differences in the β-diversity of the GI mycobiota, evidenced by overall higher yeast abundance with a higher presence of Candida spp., have been described in children with ASD versus unaffected controls.23–27 Furthermore, some yeast, such as Candida krusei or Candida glabrate, were present in the stool samples of children with ASD, but not in those from control children.27 One mechanism through which yeast and fungi could impact ASD symptom development is the link between higher levels of Candida and decreased absorption of carbohydrates and minerals and increased absorption of toxins.28
Mycobiome in health and disease
Published in Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, John R. Perfect, Antifungal Therapy, 2019
Najla El-Jurdi, Jyotsna Chandra, Pranab K. Mukherjee
Changes in bacteriome and mycobiome have also been explored in the setting of HIV infection. Aas et al. [69] analyzed sub-gingival plaque of HIV-infected patients and reported the presence of two fungal species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and C. albicans in 4 and 2 patients, respectively). Our group analyzed the oral bacteriome and mycobiome of HIV-infected patients and matched uninfected controls (n = 12 for both groups) [70], and showed 8–14 bacterial and 1–9 fungal genera were present in uninfected and HIV-infected participants. The core oral mycobiome (COM), but not the core oral bacteriome (COB) differed between HIV-infected and uninfected individuals, with Candida being the predominant fungus in both groups. C. albicans was the most common Candida species (58% in uninfected and 83% in HIV-infected participants). Moreover, increase in Candida colonization was negatively associated with Pichia, and spent medium from Pichia cultures inhibited growth (including biofilms) of Candida, Aspergillus and Fusarium. The mechanism of PSM-mediated inhibition involved nutrient limitation, modulation of growth, and virulence factors. These results were validated in an experimental murine model of oral candidiasis, where mice treated with PSM exhibited significantly lower infection score (p = 011), fungal burden (p = 04), and tissue invasion compared to untreated mice. These findings provide the first evidence of interaction among members of the oral mycobiota.
Production of Neurochemicals by Microorganisms
Published in Akula Ramakrishna, Victoria V. Roshchina, Neurotransmitters in Plants, 2018
Alexander V. Oleskin, Boris A. Shenderov
The facts discussed in this review highlight the potential importance of the novel incipient interdisciplinary area of research that focuses on the contributions of neurochemicals such as biogenic amines to the interaction between plants and their microbiota (including the mycobiota). Recent findings demonstrate that neurochemicals are actively produced by plant microbiota, including the inhabitants of the surface of plant organs and of the interior of their tissues. Therefore, it is likely that microbial neurochemicals exert a significant regulatory influence on the morphogenetic, metabolic, and bioenergetic processes in the host plant organism. In addition, it is to be expected that neurochemicals are implicated in communication within the consortium of microorganisms that occupy ecological niches on the surface of plants and inside their organism. Probably, interaction in the microbiota-plant system is bidirectional, and host-produced neurochemicals also exert a specific influence on the microbiota including the mycobiota.
Role of IgA in the early-life establishment of the gut microbiota and immunity: Implications for constructing a healthy start
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Jielong Guo, Chenglong Ren, Xue Han, Weidong Huang, Yilin You, Jicheng Zhan
Similar to gut virome, interactions among the bacterial microbiota, mycobiome, and gut immunity have been reported. Clusters IV and XIVa of Clostridia resist the colonization of Candida albicans via the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-mediated generation of LL-37 in mice.42 The administration of anti-fungal agents exaggerated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and house dust mite-induced allergic airway disease, along with bacterial dysbiosis, including a decline in Bacteroides and Clostridium and an increase in Streptococcus.43 Unlike bacterial microbiota, fungal diversity changes moderately over time, with a slight increase in alpha-diversity while beta-diversity remains virtually unchanged.44 A transformation from Debaryomyces hansenii to Saccharomyces cerevisiae was evident in Saccharomycetales during the first year of life.44 Balanced mycobiota in adults mainly include Candida, Malassezia, and Saccharomyces.45
Gut non-bacterial microbiota contributing to alcohol-associated liver disease
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Wenkang Gao, Yixin Zhu, Jin Ye, Huikuan Chu
The studies on the correlation between gut mycobiota and ALD are limited and mostly focus on the changes in fungal composition and exploration of potential pathogenic mechanisms. Previous studies reported a decrease in the diversity of mycobiota in the feces of alcohol consumers, with a significant overgrowth of Candida, and a decrease in Epicoccum, unclassified fungi, Galactomyces, and Debaryomyces.73,74 Similarly, recent research reported mycobiota dysbiosis with an overgrowth of Candida as well.75–77 Although there were differences in the severity of alcohol-related liver disease, there were no significant differences in the intestinal mycobiota among patients with non-progressive alcohol-associated liver disease, alcohol-associated hepatitis, and alcoholic cirrhosis.73
Therapeutic manipulation of gut microbiota by polysaccharides of Wolfiporia cocos reveals the contribution of the gut fungi-induced PGE2 to alcoholic hepatic steatosis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Shanshan Sun, Kai Wang, Li Sun, Baosong Cheng, Shanshan Qiao, Huanqin Dai, Wenyu Shi, Juncai Ma, Hongwei Liu
Gut microbiota composed of commensal bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses attracts much attention due to its crucial roles in regulating the intestinal homeostasis and host metabolism. Although existing with a relatively low abundance in the gut of human beings, gut mycobiota is attracting increasing attention due to its important functions in keeping health and close association with different diseases including primary sclerosing cholangitis, colorectal cancer, and allergic inflammation.13,24–26 Pyrosequencing and culturomics techniques have revealed significant compositional changes in the mycobiome of these diseases. In the setting of alcoholic liver diseases, overgrowth of Candida and the decrease of fungal diversity were found in the patients with different phases of liver diseases covering non-progressive alcoholic liver diseases, alcoholic hepatitis, and alcoholic cirrhosis.11,27 In this study, we observed an overgrowth of fungi in the gut of mice with chronic ethanol feeding and further isolated a strain of M. guilliermondii that was enriched in the feces of ethanol-fed mice. By using a fungi-free mice model, we confirmed that the enrichment of M. guilliermondii in gut aggravated the fatty accumulation and inflammatory damages in liver of the ethanol diet-fed mice. An early study has revealed the presence of M. guilliermondii in the fecal samples of healthy people and patients by ITS sequencing and culturomics methods.21 The causality and the physiological functions of M. guilliermondii in patients with ALD deserve further validation.