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Animal Tuberculosis
Published in Lloyd N. Friedman, Martin Dedicoat, Peter D. O. Davies, Clinical Tuberculosis, 2020
Non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are present worldwide and are found in many different environmental niches. They are harmless to most individuals and rarely cause human disease. Species of NTM associated with human disease include M. avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium szulgai, M. paratuberculosis, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. The majority of NTM infections have been reported in countries in which tuberculosis is not endemic, as the chances of missing NTM infection are higher in countries where tuberculosis is already present. Currently, the individual mycobacteria causing mycobacterial infection are not routinely characterized worldwide. Therefore, some NTM cases in humans with positive Ziehl−Neelsen (ZN) stains will be misclassified as MTB.59 This may result in a patient receiving routine treatment for M. tuberculosis for which the NTM strain may be resistant. Additionally, occasional mixed strain infections of NTM and MTB infections have been reported.60,61
Dapsone
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
The susceptibility of other mycobacterial species to dapsone has been investigated by use of a disc elution method confirmed by a broth dilution method using the Bactec 460 radiometric culture system. Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium kansasii were found to have MIC90 values of 8 µg/ml. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium fortuitum exhibited MIC90 values of > 32 µg/ml (Gonzalez et al., 1989). When dapsone is combined with the triazole DHFR inhibitor WR99210, in vitro activity against M. avium complex organisms is enhanced (Shah et al., 1996). In contrast, dapsone had no activity against M. avium in a mouse model of disseminated infection, nor did it add to the effect of clarithromycin. It had only a slight prophylactic effect when used alone, but when used as prophylaxis in combination with clarithromycin, demonstrated no additive advantage (Bermudez et al., 1994).
The back
Published in Ashley W. Blom, David Warwick, Michael R. Whitehouse, Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2017
HIV is one of the main reasons for the resurgence of TB, especially in the developing world. Initially spinal TB, which is an extrapulmonary focus, was considered as AIDS-defining but, due to the high incidence of both diseases in some regions, this is not always the case. HIV patients are not homogeneous in their immune state: some still have relatively good CD4 counts whereas others do not. Patients with significantly impaired immunity are prone to developing opportunistic infections and atypical mycobacterial infections (Mycobacterium intracellulare, M. avium, M. fortuitum). There may be increasing atypical TB presentation in HIV patients.
Health state utility estimation of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease using a time trade-off approach
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2023
Tatsunori Murata, Kozo Morimoto, Fujio Matsuyama, Mayumi Yamada, Joseph Feliciano, Mariam Hassan
Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) is a rare, progressive, and sometimes life-threatening pulmonary disorder that is increasing in prevalence and incidence worldwide.1–4 In Japan, NTM-PD incidence increased 2.6 fold from 2007 (5.7 cases/100,000 person-years) to 2014 (14.7 cases/100,000 person-years).5 The prevalence of NTM-PD in Japan has been estimated to be up to 10 times the incidence, as a consequence of the intractable nature of the disease.6Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD), typically the result of infection with either Mycobacterium avium or Mycobacterium intracellulare, is the most common form of NTM-PD, accounting for 80–90% of NTM-PD cases in Japan.2,7,8
Antibiotic therapy success rate in pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Mohammad Javad Nasiri, Golnaz Ebrahimi, Samaneh Arefzadeh, Samin Zamani, Zahra Nikpor, Mehdi Mirsaeidi
Our meta-analysis had some limitations. Different characteristics of the included studies and lack of more data regarding the severity of the disease did not allow us to achieve a comprehensive determination of the affecting factors in MAC pulmonary disease. Different subspecies of MAC have distinct clinical impacts. Mycobacterium intracellulare lung disease causes a more severe presentation with lower treatment response comparing to Mycobacterium avium lung disease [65]. Also, HIV patients are more susceptible to develop MAC infection caused by Mycobacterium avium while non-HIV patient are prone to acquire Mycobacterium intracellulare [66]. We could not evaluate the impact of the different subspecies of MAC in this study. Also, limited data were obtained from the included studies regarding the disease type (fibrocavitary vs. nodular bronchiectatic), therefore, we could not assess the impact of the treatment regimens on different patterns of MAC pulmonary disease.