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Introduction
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
First, I have restricted the entries to conditions with evidence of physical damage. With apologies to neuropsychiatry, this precludes me from including many “mental illnesses,” despite the fact that someday soon there may be good evidence of “physical damage” that leads to those so-called “functional” disorders. There is certainly a place for a discussion of mental illnesses and how they relate to the physical brain, but this book is not that place.
A trip up the garden path
Published in Margaret Walshe, Nick Miller, Clinical Cases in Dysarthria, 2021
Functional disorders may have a clear onset and/or trigger. More commonly, the onset is insidious; contributing factors are multiple, complex and unclear. Speakers themselves may have no idea of specific factors. This was true for Paula. However, some tentative insights Paula ventured during intervention led her to contemplate possible influences.
Respiratory, endocrine, cardiac, and renal topics
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
Functional disorders may be clinically presented as: urge incontinence, which in young children is often due to them being too busy (“Nintendo enuresis”) and inexperienced to get enough warning of a full bladder; stress incontinence on coughing or straining;in some children there is complete emptying of the bladder on giggling;others.
On the English (1931) and Spanish (1932) translations of von Economo’s classic monograph on encephalitis lethargica
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2022
The “lessons taught by encephalitis lethargica” with which von Economo closed his work (von Economo 1931, 157) are summarized as follows: Our knowledge of normal and pathological nervous mechanisms gained immensely from studying this new disease, including cerebral localization and its revolutionizing effect on neuropsychophysiological thought. So-called “functional disorders”—a term popular among psychologists around the fin de siècle—could be now described on an organic basis and attributed to cellular changes in gray matter nuclei. Arguing against the psychoanalytical school, which “considered mental experiences as almost exclusively of a sexual nature” (von Economo 1931, 158), the new neuropathological evidence provided explanations in terms of alterations of the brain on a structural–functional neuroanatomical basis.
Paroxysmal movement disorders – practical update on diagnosis and management
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Claudio M. De Gusmao, Laura Silveira-Moriyama
A sizeable proportion of paroxysmal dyskinesias may be functional in origin (also named ‘psychogenic’, despite the fact that a direct link to psychopathology is not always found). It is important to be cautious when diagnosing a disorder with intermittent symptoms as functional: clinicians should not use the episodic nature as an exclusive clue to a functional disorder. This ‘false red flag’ has led many patients with genetically proven paroxysmal movement disorders to be diagnosed with or suspected of having a functional condition. In a seminal retrospective cohort of 92 patients from Blakeley and Jankovic, 21 patients had a functional paroxysmal dyskinesia diagnosis based on the presence of false sensory examinations, psychiatric disorders, inconsistent neurological findings and other criteria for functional movement disorders [136]. Table 6 lists some semiological clues for the diagnosis of functional paroxysmal dyskinesias. The functional paroxysmal dyskinesia category may be particularly enriched for the non-kinesigenic subtype. In the previously cited paper published by Demirkiran and Jankovic, functional cases accounted for 35% of the PNKD cohort [9].
Predictive factors of functional independence in basic activities of daily living during hospitalization and after discharge of stroke patients
Published in Brain Injury, 2021
Luciana Protásio Melo, Débora Carvalho Oliveira, Ana Amália Torres Souza Gandour Dantas, Renan Alves Silva Júnior, Tatiana Souza Ribeiro, Tania Fernandes Campos
During the analysis performed in the present study, we also verified that the variables: schooling, time between stroke and hospital admission, number of previous strokes, previous use of medication, time between stroke and diagnostic examinations and number of undergone examinations were not significant as predictive factors of functional independence. It is difficult to explain these results, but it was important to evidence the fact that patients may exhibit greater difficulty in one or more of these activities depending on the association of different factors (11). From these findings, it was possible to identify which activities were more vulnerable to presenting functional disorders.