China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Diphyllobothrium latum, or fish tapeworm, is found in northern Europe, North America, and Japan, specifically in temperate areas with cold, clear lakes. D. latum adult worms are 4 to 10m long, with a small scolex (3 × 1mm) and wide, short proglottids (32). The eggs are yellow to brown and ovoid, with an operculum (a lid-like structure). The life cycle begins as eggs that are passed in feces into water, where they hatch 2 weeks later, with coracidium released. The coracidium are ingested by copepods, where they develop to the procercoid stage. Following ingestion of the copepod host by fish, the infective form (plerocercoid or sparganum) matures to await ingestion of raw fish by humans or other carnivores. D. latum migrates to the small intestine, where it attaches and matures to an adult. The adult worm may survive for up to 25 years, releasing its eggs in the feces (32). Diagnosis is based on finding eggs in feces (34).
An Overview of Helminthiasis
Published in Venkatesan Jayaprakash, Daniele Castagnolo, Yusuf Özkay, Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 2019
Leyla Yurttaș, Betül Kaya Çavușoğlu, Derya Osmaniye, Ulviye Acar Çevik
Diphyllobothrium is a genus of tapeworms which can cause diphyllobothriasis in humans through consumption of raw or undercooked fish. The principal species causing diphyllobothriasis is Diphyllobothrium latum, known as the broad or fish tapeworm, or broad fish tapeworm. Diphyllobothrium latum uses humans as a primary host. Most infections are asymptomatic. Stool microscopy for eggs and inspection of stools for the presence of proglottids provides the mainstay of diagnosis, whilst treatment with praziquantel 25 mg/kg as a single dose or niclosamide as a single oral dose of 2 g for adults is effective (Moore and Chiodini 2009, Berman 2012).
The Role of the Clinical Laboratory in Nutritional Assessment
Published in Aruna Bakhru, Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
Deficiencies of vitamin B12 and folate are common causes of macrocytic anemia.103 Pernicious anemia, a type of vitamin B12 anemia, is caused by insufficient production of intrinsic factor. Pernicious anemia typically occurs at 60 years of age or older.104 The etiology of vitamin B12 deficiency is diverse and includes lack of intrinsic factor, altered pH in the small intestine, and lack of absorption of B12 complexes in the terminal ileum. As with folate deficiency, poor intake of leafy vegetables can cause vitamin B12 deficiency. Other foods rich in vitamin B12 include eggs, dairy products, fortified cereal or soy beverages, tempeh, and miso (tempeh and miso are foods made from soybeans). Atrophy or loss of the gastric mucosa can prevent vitamin B12 absorption. Bacterial overgrowth in the intestine can lead to bacteria competing for cobalamin. Bowel resection and tapeworm infections, such as with Diphyllobothrium latum, also can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency.
Dibothriocephalus nihonkaiensis: an emerging concern in western countries?
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Florence Robert-Gangneux, Brice Autier, Jean-Pierre Gangneux
These parasites are broad tapeworms, which have a complex life cycle with various definitive hosts over the world (various marine or terrestrial mammals, birds and even reptiles), depending on the genus and species [9]. Overall 16 species from three genera (Adenocephalus, Diphyllobothrium, and Dibothriocephalus), have been recorded from humans [9–12], but only six species are commonly diagnosed in humans, namely Adenocephalus pacificus, Diphyllobothrium balaenopterae, Dibothriocephalus dendriticus, Dibothriocephalus latus, Dibothriocephalus nihonkaiensis (previously named Diphyllobothrium pacificum, Diplogonoporus balaenopterae, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, Diphyllobothrium latum and Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense, respectively) and Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum [9]. The recent taxonomic change which has occurred in 2017, consecutive to the work of Waeschenbach et al. allowed to differentiate species with marine definitive hosts (Diphyllobothrium genus) from species with terrestrial definitive hosts (Dibothriocephalus genus) [9]. Although diphyllobothrioses are zoonoses, D. latus and D. nihonkaiensis to a lesser degree, infect mainly humans as definitive hosts [9].
Fabrication of Niclosamide loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: in vitro characterization and comparative in vivo evaluation
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Maqsood Ur Rehman, Mir Azam Khan, Waheed S. Khan, Muhammad Shafique, Munasib Khan
Niclosamide (NCS) is an oral anthelminthic drug having chemical name 5-chloro-N-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide [8]. NCS is yellowish or yellowish-white, fine crystals, practically insoluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol [9]. NCS is used for five decades against tapeworm infections including Taenia saginata, Diphyllobothrium latum, Taenia solium and Hymenolepis nana infections [10].