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Fidaxomicin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Fidaxomicin is a narrow-spectrum agent that has been demonstrated to be selectively active against Gram-positive anaerobes (Table 88.1), including Clostridium species (particularly Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens) (Zhanel et al., 2015). It is less active against anaerobic Gram-positive, non–spore-forming bacilli (e.g. Propionibacterium and Lactobacillus) and Peptostreptococcus, and is poorly active against anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli (Goldstein et al., 2012). Fidaxomicin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for most aerobic and anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli (e.g. Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Haemophilus, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Porphyro-monas, Prevotella, and Veillonella) exceed 32 mg/l to 64 mg/l (Goldstein et al., 2012). Fidaxomicin is inactive (MIC > 64 mg/l) against Candida species (Goldstein et al., 2012). Finegold et al. (2004) performed a more extensive study of OPT-80 involving 453 intestinal bacteria and reported that streptococci, aerobic and facultative Gram-negative rods, anaerobic Gram-negative rods, and Clostridium ramosum were resistant. It is interesting to note that of various Clostridium species tested, Clostridium bolteae (7), Clostridium clostridioforme (4), Clostridium innocuum (9), and C. ramosum (10) were found to be fidaxomicin-resistant, although the mechanism is not known. Consequently, fidaxomicin has a low ecologic impact on the intestinal microbiome (Tannock et al., 2010; Louis et al., 2012).
Metagenomics study on taxonomic and functional change of gut microbiota in patients with obesity with PCOS treated with exenatide combination with metformin or metformin alone
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2023
Jingwen Gan, Jie Chen, Rui-Lin Ma, Yan Deng, Xue-Song Ding, Shi-Yang Zhu, Ai-Jun Sun
To further investigate the meaningful different microbial changes between the COM and MF groups, we used the LDA effect size (LEfSe) method. In our study, Verrucomicrobiales, Akkermansia, Bacteroides_xylanisolvens, Clostridium innocuum were greater dominant in the MF group. Huang et al. [47] has reported that metformin could increase intestinal Akkermansia abundance, reduce serum IFN-γ levels, and inhibit macrophage apoptosis in the ovary. Apoptosis of macrophage can disrupt the production of estrogen and promote granulosa cell apoptosis. Therefore, inhibition of macrophage apoptosis can improve the clinical phenotype of PCOS. On the other hand, Akkermansia plays a role in the prevention and treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic dysfunctions [48], which is of great benefit to alleviate metabolic disorders in patients with obesity with PCOS. Bacteroidetes are widely recognized as beneficial intestinal flora due to alleviating inflammation by modulating lymphocyte and cytokine expression, controlling metabolism and preventing cancer. Bacteroides_xylanisolvens is the first food-added ingredient approved by the European Commission [49]. There is currently no consensus on the association of Clostridium innocuum with intestinal function. Ha et al. [50] have pointed out that it may play a protective role in the intestine, while Cherny et al. [51] has found that Clostridium innocuum is an emerging gastrointestinal opportunistic pathogen that causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
Gut bacterial dysbiosis and instability is associated with the onset of complications and mortality in COVID-19
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
David Schult, Sandra Reitmeier, Plamena Koyumdzhieva, Tobias Lahmer, Moritz Middelhoff, Johanna Erber, Jochen Schneider, Juliane Kager, Marina Frolova, Julia Horstmann, Lisa Fricke, Katja Steiger, Moritz Jesinghaus, Klaus-Peter Janssen, Ulrike Protzer, Klaus Neuhaus, Roland M. Schmid, Dirk Haller, Michael Quante
We determined significantly differences between study groups using differentiation analysis. Here, the analysis has been adjusted for confounders including the influence of antibiotic intake, feeding and ward. The zOTUs, which were significantly different between study groups (Supplementary Table 5) correlated with markers of inflammation, such as white blood cells counts (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) (Figure 2 B). Here, Clostridium innocuum (zOTU62), Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans (zOTU29), and Alistipes finegoldii (zOTU64) correlated positively with inflammatory markers and continued to show a significantly increased relative abundance or prevalence in patients with a severe disease progression. Negatively correlated zOTUs were significantly decreased in severe and fatal cases of COVID-19 and post COVID-19, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (zOTU20), Blautia luti (zOTU6), Dorea longicatena (zOTU32), Gemmiger formicilis (zOTU30), and Alistipes putredinis (zOTU33). In addition, Fusicatenibacter showed a significantly reduced prevalence in severe cases and was totally absent in patients who died (Figure 2 B). On the other hand, Parabacteroides significantly increased with a more severe disease (Figure 2 B). Beta-diversity analysis already showed some accumulation of patients with an increased relative abundance of Protobacteria (Figure 1 D), which was also found to be increased in severe COVID-19 cases (Figure 2 B).
Assessing gut microbiota perturbations during the early phase of infectious diarrhea in Vietnamese children
Published in Gut Microbes, 2018
Hao Chung The, Paola Florez de Sessions, Song Jie, Duy Pham Thanh, Corinne N. Thompson, Chau Nguyen Ngoc Minh, Collins Wenhan Chu, Tuan-Anh Tran, Nicholas R. Thomson, Guy E. Thwaites, Maia A. Rabaa, Martin Hibberd, Stephen Baker
We next constructed a correlation network that encompassed representative fecal taxa from both control and diarrheal samples. The resulting correlation network formed a tightly connecting interaction between members of the Clostridiales, Erysipelotrichales, and Bacteroidales, which indicated a positive interaction between these colonizers of a healthy gut (Fig. 5). A further positive interacting cluster was composed of genera that are frequently associated with the human oral cavity, including Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, Peptostreptococcus stomatis, Solobacterium moorei, Gemmella haemolysans, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Lachnoanaerobaculum orale, Abiotrophia defectiva, Atopobium parvulum, Rothia mucilaginosa, and Streptococcus salivarius (Fig. 5). Conversely, Rothia was negatively correlated with Bacteroides vulgatus and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, which are both indicators of a healthy and mature gastrointestinal microbiota.8,13 We additionally found that Fusobacterium mortiferum, the significantly enriched taxon in fecal samples from diarrheal children, exhibited a negative association with a key component of the gut Clostridiales network (Clostridium innocuum). This suggests that the colonization of F. mortiferum may inhibit the proliferation of related dependent taxa such as Blautia, Ruminococcus, and several Bacteroides. The negative correlation observed between Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and Bifidobacterium breve likely reflects a competitive ecology as the gut microbiota matures.22