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Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G)
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Alasdair M. Geddes, Ian M. Gould, Jason A. Roberts, Jason A. Trubiano, M. Lindsay Grayson
Cardiobacterium hominis, an opportunistic Gram-negative bacillus, has been implicated as a cause of endocarditis. Rechtman and Nadler (1991) have described a patient with abdominal abscess due to this organism plus Clostridium bifermentans. Pen G is usually the best treatment.
Microbial Biofilms
Published in Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Microbial Biofilms, 2017
Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Neha Srivastava, Intekhab Islam, Kelvin Foong and Finbarr Allen
Cardiac surgical implants such as prosthetic heart valves, pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators are prone to biofilm formation which may subsequently lead to endocarditis [75–77]. Following surgical implantation, circulating platelets and plasma proteins form a ‘conditioning’ film on the mechanical heart valves, which provides bindings sites for the circulating microorganisms. The most common pathogens associated with heart valve endocarditis are S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcus (ConS) such as S. epidermidis derived from the normal microflora of the patient [75,78]. In addition, studies have suggested the implication of other bacterial pathogens such as streptococci, enterococci and HACEK bacteria (Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella) [75,79]. Candida species may also be accountable for the biofilm infections in prosthetic heart valves. Propionibacterium, a bacterium with a good biofilm-forming ability, has also been involved in infective endocarditis [80]. Because endocarditis is associated with continuous bacteraemia arising from daily life activities, it may be possible to isolate the causative organism by routine culture of blood of patients. However, the results of blood cultures may be negative if the patient has recently received antibiotics or if the organism is fastidious. Clinical practice dictates surgical replacement of almost all prosthetic valves infected by S. aureus or Candida species [81]. Surgical intervention may not be required in patients infected by ConS who have already responded to antibiotic therapy. Regardless of the causative pathogen, cardiac complications [e.g. congestive heart failure, conduction abnormalities, paravalvular abscesses, valve dehiscence, and serious peripheral embolisation] necessitate the surgical replacement of the infected prosthesis. Although relatively uncommon, prosthetic-valve endocarditis is life threatening, with mortality exceeding 30% [78].
Advances in tests for colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Sarah Cheuk Hei Chan, Jessie Qiaoyi Liang
Certain bacteria in the oral cavity are associated with CRC [37]. Studies have shown the dysbiosis of oral microbiota can be a potential biomarker for detecting CRC. For instance, Flemer et al. [38] used 16 oral microbiota operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which included genera Prevotella, Anaerostipes, Porphyromonas, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Streptococcus, Alloprevotella, Megasphaera, Leptotrichia and Cardiobacterium, that had different abundances in healthy controls and CRC patients. These 16 oral genera detected CRC and polyps at sensitivities of 53% and 67%, respectively, with both achieving a specificity of 96% [38]. When oral microbiota was detected together with fecal microbiota, the sensitivity for CRC and polyps increased to 76% and 88%, respectively, both at a specificity of 95% [38]. Another study also confirmed the diagnostic performance of oral microbiota, where detecting five oral OTU markers at genus level (Porphyromonas, Streptococcus, Propionibacteriaceae [unclassified], Cyanobacteria [unclassified], Saccharibacteria [genera incertae sedis]) achieved a probability of disease (POD) index with AUC of 0.948 for adenoma. The detection of five other OTU markers (Cyanobacteria [unclassified], Veillonella, Selenomonas, Fusobacterium, Gemella) achieved a POD index with AUC of 0.837 for CRC [39].
Aortic vascular graft infection due to Cardiobacterium Hominis in a heart transplant recipient
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2021
C. Lievens, S. Verstreken, W. Heggermont, E. Boel, M. Goethals, M. Vanderheyden
Cardiobacterium hominis graft infection/endocarditis is a rare condition that has never been described following orthotopic heart transplantation. Cardiobacterium hominis is a member of the HACEK group, a heterogeneous family of fastidious bacteraemia and endocarditis-causing gram-negative bacteria. As it is a slow-growing anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus and is part of the normal human oropharyngeal flora, a history of dental treatment or oral infections is often present. In this particular patient we speculate that gingival hyperplasia and concomitant periodontitis related to the immunosuppressive therapy might have been responsible for the bacteraemia and infection. The onset of the disease is very insidious with non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, night sweats, arthralgia and myalgia lasting between 4 and 6 months. It has a favourable prognosis, when diagnosed promptly, often requiring a combination of medical and surgical therapy.
Oral microbiome in down syndrome and its implications on oral health
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2021
Jesse R. Willis, Susana Iraola-Guzmán, Ester Saus, Ewa Ksiezopolska, Luca Cozzuto, Luis A. Bejarano, Nuria Andreu-Somavilla, Miriam Alloza-Trabado, Anna Puig-Sola, Andrea Blanco, Elisabetta Broglio, Carlo Carolis, Jochen Hecht, Julia Ponomarenko, Toni Gabaldón
The genera Kingella and Cardiobacterium, more abundant in DS samples in this study, form part of the HACEK group (made up of Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, and Kingella), which are the primary pathogens in infective endocarditis [59]. This is a disease strongly linked to periodontal disease [60–62], and one which can also be linked to individuals with DS [63]. Increases in Kingella [64–67] and Cardiobacterium [68,69] in the oral cavity have been associated with the pathogenesis of periodontitis, regardless of their involvement in endocarditis. On the other hand, Kingella has been found at lower abundance in samples with dental caries than in healthy controls [52–54], though it is acidogenic [67], a trait which may promote caries. Thus, the interpretation of the connection between Kingella and caries in the context of DS may be a bit muddled, but our data do follow the trend in the literature of low caries incidence in DS.